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  1. Human toxocariasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the Toxocara canis and T. cati nematodes larvae. Dog owners are at a higher risk of acquiring T. canis infection, and there is no available evidence re...

    Authors: Prasit Na-Ek, Udomsak Narkkul, Nonthapan Phasuk and Chuchard Punsawad
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:32
    Content type: Research Published on:

  2. Snakebites are a major cause of permanent injury and death among poor, rural populations in developing countries, including those in East Africa. This research characterizes snakebite incidence, risk factors, ...

    Authors: Peter S. Larson, Morris Ndemwa, Aleksandra F. Thomas, Noriko Tamari, Paul Diela, Mwatasa Changoma, Abdullatif Mohamed, Miles C. Larson, Kaan Cem Ketenci, Kensuke Goto and Satoshi Kaneko
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:31
    Content type: Research Published on:

  3. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) pandemic continues to pose a threat to global health. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) has spread rapidly wor...

    Authors: Mya Myat Ngwe Tun, Takaya Sakura, Yasuteru Sakurai, Yohei Kurosaki, Daniel Ken Inaoka, Norifumi Shioda, Chris Smith, Jiro Yasuda, Kouichi Morita and Kiyoshi Kita
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:30
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  4. Provider-initiated HIV testing, and counseling (PITC) is a service in which health professionals provide HIV testing to all patients in health facilities. Provider-initiated HIV testing, and counseling is an i...

    Authors: Daniel Atlaw, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Sisay Degno, Ayele Mamo, Zewudie Gudisa, Demisu Zenbaba, Zerihun Shiferaw and Habtamu Gezahegn
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:29
    Content type: Research Published on:

  5. Open defecation facilitates the transmission of pathogens that cause diarrheal diseases, which is the second leading contributor to the global burden of disease. It also exposed hundreds of millions of girls a...

    Authors: Daniel Gashaneh Belay, Melaku Hunie Asratie, Fantu Mamo Aragaw, Nuhamin Tesfa Tsega, Mastewal Endalew and Moges Gashaw
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:28
    Content type: Research Published on:

  6. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected all healthcare systems worldwide. Effective COVID-19 preventive measures, including wearing a mask, hand washing, avoiding the “Three Cs”, and city...

    Authors: Rapeepun Prasertbun, Hirotake Mori, Aongart Mahittikorn, Sukhontha Siri and Toshio Naito
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:27
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  7. A computer is one of the most widely used office tools. The leading occupational health problem of the twenty-first century is computer vision syndrome (CVS). Research findings across Ethiopia on the magnitude...

    Authors: Fentahun Adane, Yoseph Merkeb Alamneh and Melaku Desta
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:26
    Content type: Research Published on:

  8. Human mobility, particularly during certain festivals in rapidly growing megacities in low- and middle-income countries, has critical implications in infectious diseases surveillance and preparedness. In this ...

    Authors: Mohammad Sorowar Hossain
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:25
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  9. Little is known about parental coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy in children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). This survey estimated the prevalence and predictive factors of vaccine ...

    Authors: Mohammad Ali, Tasnuva Shamarukh Proma, Zarin Tasnim, Md. Ariful Islam, Tania Akter Urmi, Sohel Ahmed, Abu-sufian Sarkar, Atia Sharmin Bonna and Umme Salma Khan
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:24
    Content type: Research Published on:

  10. In Myanmar, third wave of COVID-19 epidemic began with a surge of confirmed cases in the last week of May 2021. The laboratory-confirmed cases and deaths distinctly increased within 9 weeks. The government and...

    Authors: Ye Minn Htun, Tun Tun Win, Nyan Htet Shan, Zin Thu Winn, Kaung Si Thu, Nyan Lin Maung, Pyae Phyo Aung, Htun Aung Kyaw, Hpone Pji Kyaw, Yan Naing Myint Soe, Myint Myat Ko, Zin Ko Aung, Kyaw Thiha Aung, Yan Paing Chit Lwin, Wai Yan, Phyo Tayza Soe…
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:23
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  11. Due to the high transmission rate and mortality index of the current coronavirus pandemic, many settings in Africa instituted lockdowns to reduce its rate of spread and avert exponential growth rate. At the ea...

    Authors: Aishat Jumoke Alaran, Abubakar Olaitan Badmos, Oumnia Bouaddi, Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi, Kenechukwu Ben-Umeh, Umarfarouq Idris and Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno III
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:22
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  13. In October 2016, a mumps outbreak occurred among the students living in the on-campus dormitory of a public university located in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. This study aimed to investigate the outbreak an...

    Authors: Siat Yee Fong, Daisuke Mori, Jecelyn Leaslie John, Nelbon Giloi, Mohammad Saffree Jeffree and Kamruddin Ahmed
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:20
    Content type: Short Report Published on:

  14. Plasmodium falciparum has acquired resistance to artemisinin in Southeast Asia, with mutations in the P. falciparum Kelch-13 (Pfk13) gene associated with the resistance phenotype. The widespread use of Artemisini...

    Authors: Nguyen Quang Thieu, Vu Duc Chinh, Truong Van Hanh, Nguyen Van Dung, Hidekazu Takagi, Takeshi Annoura, Satoru Kawai, Gaku Masuda, Nguyen Van Tuan, Vu Viet Hung, Shusuke Nakazawa, Richard Culleton, Nguyen Thi Huong Binh and Yoshimasa Maeno
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:19
    Content type: Short Report Published on:

  15. Dengue fever is an arthropod-borne viral illness caused by four dengue virus serotypes (DENV 1–4), spread by Aedes mosquitos. Common symptoms of dengue include high peak temperature, headache, myalgia, and mal...

    Authors: Govinda Khatri, Mohammad Mehedi Hasan, Somina Shaikh, Syeda Lamiya Mir, Abdul Moiz Sahito, Priya, Ian Christopher N. Rocha and Osman Kamal Osman Elmahi
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:18
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  16. Primaquine is a gametocytocidal drug known to significantly reduce malaria transmission. However, primaquine induces a dose-dependent acute hemolytic anemia (AHA) in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydr...

    Authors: Richard O. Mwaiswelo, Hamis Kabuga, Eliningaya J. Kweka and Vito Baraka
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:17
    Content type: Review Published on:

  17. Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death globally, and the rise in drug-resistant forms of TB has become a significant threat. Subsequently, it is crucial to explore new, effective and safe anti...

    Authors: Benson Oloya, Jane Namukobe, Willy Ssengooba, Mathias Afayoa and Robert Byamukama
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:16
    Content type: Research Published on:

  18. COVID-19 continues to strain, stress, and stretch health systems globally. With the development of the COVID-19 vaccines, there are many issues still lurking behind the widespread coverage; one of which is COV...

    Authors: Israel Oluwaseyidayo Idris, Gabriel Omoniyi Ayeni and Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:15
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  19. Podoconiosis is a preventable, progressive, and non-infectious form of elephantiasis that can contribute to significant disability and economic burden when not treated early. Nurses play a critical role in ear...

    Authors: Lilian Nantume Wampande, Lamek Mageto Nyabuga, Kelly Fowler, Grace Chinelo Okengwu, Ursin Bayisenge and Janna M. Schurer
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:14
    Content type: Research Published on:

  20. This paper discusses the challenges of disseminating COVID-19 information to migrant populations by sharing our trial-and-error approach. In 2018, the Migrants’ Neighbor Network & Action (MINNA), a consortium ...

    Authors: Hiroyuki Kiyohara, Yuko Teshima, Haru Angelique Hoshino, Miwa Kanda, Sadatoshi Matsuoka, Azusa Iwamoto and Masami Fujita
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:13
    Content type: Review Published on:

  21. Urinary schistosomiasis is a serious threat in endemic territories of Africa and the Middle East. The status of female urinary schistosomiasis (FUS) in published literature between 2016 and 2020 was investigated.

    Authors: Morteza Shams, Sasan Khazaei, Ezatollah Ghasemi, Naser Nazari, Erfan Javanmardi, Hamidreza Majidiani, Saeed Bahadory, Davood Anvari, Mohammad Fatollahzadeh, Taher Nemati and Ali Asghari
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:12
    Content type: Review Published on:

  22. Dengue fever is a viral infection caused by Aedes mosquitoes that has recently expanded fast in many of the WHO member states globally. Female mosquitoes, mostly Aedes aegypti and, to a smaller degree, Aedes albo...

    Authors: Mohammad Mehedi Hasan, Abdul Moiz Sahito, Muhammad Muzzamil, Parvathy Mohanan, Zarmina Islam, Md. Masum Billah, Mohammod Johirul Islam and Mohammad Yasir Essar
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:11
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  23. Authors: Mohammad Robed Amin, Mohammad Jahid Hasan, Md. Abdullah Saeed Khan, Md Abdur Raf, Mohammad Rafiqul Islam, Tarek Shams, Mohammed Jahedul Islam, Abu Saif Mohammad Lutful Kabir, Mohiuddin Sharif and David Gozal
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:10
    Content type: Correction Published on:

    The original article was published in Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:9

  24. Chikungunya is a severely debilitating disease. Bangladesh witnessed one of the largest outbreaks in 2017. Here, we described the clinical profile of the chikungunya outbreak in Bangladesh and its heterogeneit...

    Authors: Mohammad Robed Amin, Mohammad Jahid Hasan, Md. Abdullah Saeed Khan, Md Abdur Rafi, Mohammad Rafiqul Islam, Tarek Shams, Mohammed Jahedul Islam, Abu Saif Mohammad Lutful Kabir, Mohiuddin Sharif and David Gozal
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:9
    Content type: Research Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:10

  25. Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in humans and animals. Numbers of multi drug resistance TB (MDR-TB), extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) and zoonotic TB cases a...

    Authors: Yogendra Shah, Sarad Paudel, Kishor Pandey, Govind Prasad Gupta, Eddie Samuneti Solo, Jagadish Joshi, Dhan Kumar Pant and Basu Dev Pandey
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:8
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  26. Tetanus vaccination is an indispensable component of the antenatal care (ANC) and is considered one of the most effective and protective measures against tetanus deaths. However, data on antenatal tetanus vacc...

    Authors: Sagad Omer Obeid Mohamed and Esraa Mohammed Ahmed
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:7
    Content type: Short Report Published on:

  27. Genetic variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began to emerge in 2020 and have been spreading globally during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Despite the pr...

    Authors: Mya Myat Ngwe Tun, Takaya Sakura, Yasuteru Sakurai, Yohei Kurosaki, Daniel Ken Inaoka, Norifumi Shioda, Jiro Yasuda, Kiyoshi Kita and Kouichi Morita
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:6
    Content type: Research Published on:

  28. Globally, diarrheal and respiratory diseases are among the main causes of mortality and morbidity. In Uganda, cities are facing proliferation of trade in herbal medicines (HM), including those for diarrhea and...

    Authors: Abdul Walusansa, Savina Asiimwe, Jamilu. E. Ssenku, Godwin Anywar, Milbert Namara, Jesca L. Nakavuma and Esezah K. Kakudidi
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:5
    Content type: Research Published on:

  29. Vaccines are effective and reliable public health interventions against viral outbreaks and pandemics. However, hesitancy regarding the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine is evident worldwide. Therefore, u...

    Authors: Roy Rillera Marzo, Waqas Sami, Md. Zakiul Alam, Swosti Acharya, Kittisak Jermsittiparsert, Karnjana Songwathana, Nhat Tan Pham, Titik Respati, Erwin Martinez Faller, Aries Moralidad Baldonado, Yadanar Aung, Sharmila Mukund Borkar, Mohammad Yasir Essar, Sunil Shrestha and Siyan Yi
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:4
    Content type: Research Published on:

  30. Dengue virus (DENV) is a member of insect vector-borne viruses, and it causes dengue fever. Southeast Asia is the epi-center of dengue fever in the world. The characterization of the virus is essential to iden...

    Authors: Taichiro Takemura, Co Thach Nguyen, Ha Chau Pham, Thuy Trang Nguyen, Vu Mai Phuong Hoang, Le Khanh Hang Nguyen, Takeshi Nabeshima, Thi Thu Thuy Nguyen, Thi Quynh Mai Le, Meng Ling Moi, Kouichi Morita and Futoshi Hasebe
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:3
    Content type: Short Report Published on:

  31. Current diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection relies on RNA purification prior to amplification. Typical extraction methods limit the processing speed and turnaround time for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing.

    Authors: Meng Yee Lai, Jeyanthi Suppiah, Ravindran Thayan, Ilyiana Ismail, Nur Izati Mustapa, Tuan Suhaila Tuan Soh, Afifah Haji Hassan, Kalaiarasu M. Peariasamy, Yee Leng Lee and Yee Ling Lau
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:2
    Content type: Short Report Published on:

  32. Tanzania has experienced periodic dengue outbreaks with increased incidence since 2010. However, there is limited information on vector dynamics and transmission risk in most parts of the country. This study w...

    Authors: Baraka L. Ngingo, Leonard E. G. Mboera, Augustino Chengula, Ines Machelle, Mariam R. Makange, Michael Msolla, Gaspary O. Mwanyika, Sima Rugarabamu and Gerald Misinzo
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2022 50:1
    Content type: Research Published on:

  33. Globally, the prevailing COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented clinical and public health concerns with increasing morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, the burden of COVID-19 in Africa has been further...

    Authors: Nnabueze Darlington Nnaji, Helen Onyeaka, Rine Christopher Reuben, Olivier Uwishema, Chinasa Valerie Olovo and Amarachukwu Anyogu
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2021 49:102
    Content type: Review Published on:

  34. Vaccines are the best chance to control the pandemic—unless leaders succumb to vaccine nationalism. Vaccine nationalism is a frequent recurrence, especially during a brand-new market distribution. The developm...

    Authors: Mehr Muhammad Adeel Riaz, Unaiza Ahmad, Anmol Mohan, Ana Carla dos Santos Costa, Hiba Khan, Maryam Salma Babar, Mohammad Mehedi Hasan, Mohammad Yasir Essar and Ahsan Zil-E-Ali
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2021 49:101
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  35. Tuberculosis (TB) remains a top global health problem and its transmission rate among contacts is higher when they are cohabiting with a person who is sputum smear-positive. Our study aimed to describe the pre...

    Authors: Teresia Maina, Annie Willetts, Moses Ngari and Abdullahi Osman
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2021 49:100
    Content type: Research Published on:

  36. Staphylococcus aureus is a global public health issue in both community and hospital settings. Management of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections are tough owing to its resistance to many antibiotics...

    Authors: Devi Thapa, Susil Pyakurel, Sabita Thapa, Suresh Lamsal, Mahesh Chaudhari, Nabaraj Adhikari and Dhiraj Shrestha
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2021 49:99
    Content type: Research Published on:

  37. Tuberculosis (TB) is a deadly infectious disease that kills approximately 1.5 million people per year and is among the most frequent respiratory infections in developing countries. Morocco has made significant...

    Authors: Oumnia Bouaddi, Mohammad Mehedi Hasan, Abdul Moiz Sahito, Pritik A. Shah, Abdelrahman Zaki Ali Mohammed and Mohammad Yasir Essar
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2021 49:98
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  39. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has already claimed over four million lives globally and over 800 deaths in Ghana. The COVID-19 vaccine is a key intervention towards containing the pandemic. Over three bil...

    Authors: Robert Kaba Alhassan, Matilda Aberese-Ako, Phidelia Theresa Doegah, Mustapha Immurana, Maxwel Ayindenaba Dalaba, Alfred Kwesi Manyeh, Desmond Klu, Evelyn Acquah, Evelyn Korkor Ansah and Margaret Gyapong
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2021 49:96
    Content type: Research Published on:

  40. Childhood illnesses and mortality rates have declined over the past years in sub-Saharan African countries; however, under-five mortality is still high in the region. This study investigated the magnitude and ...

    Authors: Sanni Yaya, Emmanuel Kolawole Odusina and Nicholas Kofi Adjei
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2021 49:95
    Content type: Research Published on:

  41. Artemisinin based combination therapies (ACTs) have been a cornerstone in the treatment of malaria in the world. A rapid decline in dihydroartemisinin piperaquine (DHP) and artemether lumefantrine (ALU) effica...

    Authors: Karol J. Marwa, Eveline T. Konje, Anthony Kapesa, Erasmus Kamugisha, Stanley Mwita and Göte Swedberg
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2021 49:94
    Content type: Research Published on:

  42. Every year, about 4 million cases and 143,000 deaths due to cholera are recorded globally, of which 54% were from Africa, reported in 2016. The outbreak and spread of cholera have risen exponentially particula...

    Authors: Olivier Uwishema, Melody Okereke, Helen Onyeaka, Mohammad Mehedi Hasan, Deocles Donatus, Zebadiah Martin, Lawal Abdulwahab Oluwatomisin, Melissa Mhanna, Adesipe Olaoluwa Olumide, Jeffrey Sun and Irem Adanur
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2021 49:93
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  43. Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the 13th leading cause of death worldwide. The emergence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) poses a major health security threat. Plants have traditionall...

    Authors: Christine Oryema, Karlmax Rutaro, Sam William Oyet and Geoffrey Maxwell Malinga
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2021 49:92
    Content type: Research Published on:

  44. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. Although clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are mainly pulmonary, some patients have other systemic manifestations. ...

    Authors: Elfatih A. Hasabo, Fatima A. Ayyad, Sara A. M. Alam Eldeen, Malaz K. Noureldaim, Tibyan A. Abdallah, Yousra T. Ahmed, Safaa Badi, Waleed K. Khalid, Hind A. Mirghani, Yossra A. Mohammed, Lubaba A. Alkhider, Saada A. Hamad, Amna M. Tagelseed, Ethar H. A. Elsheikh, Noon H. Khalid, Samia A. Mohammed…
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2021 49:91
    Content type: Research Published on:

  45. Malaria and sexually transmitted/reproductive tract infections (STI/RTI) are leading and preventable causes of low birthweight in sub-Saharan Africa. Reducing their impact on pregnancy outcomes requires effici...

    Authors: Moussa Lingani, Serge H. Zango, Innocent Valéa, Massa dit A. Bonko, Sékou O. Samadoulougou, Toussaint Rouamba, Marc C. Tahita, Maïmouna Sanou, Annie Robert, Halidou Tinto, Philippe Donnen and Michèle Dramaix
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2021 49:90
    Content type: Research Published on:

  46. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and measles are major threats to the health and wellbeing of Africans. Measles is an endemic disease in Africa with a high mortality rate especially in children despite avai...

    Authors: Abdullahi Tunde Aborode, Abdulhammed Opeyemi Babatunde, Bright-Agbonze Samuel Osayomwanbor, Emmanuel Adebowale Fajemisin, Oko Christian Inya, Olayinka Olajiga and Anthony Chinonso Uwandu-Uzoma
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2021 49:89
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  47. Although hypertension is becoming more prevalent among the adult population of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR), with a prevalence of approximately 20% in 2013, treatment adherence of patients with h...

    Authors: Emiri Takahashi, Phoutnalong Vilay, Ketmany Chanthakoummane, Tiengkham Pongvongsa, Sengchanh Kounnavong, Shigeyuki Kano, Jun Kobayashi and Daisuke Nonaka
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2021 49:88
    Content type: Research Published on:

  48. The goal of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is to ensure that everyone is able to obtain the health services they need without suffering financial hardship. UHC remains a mirage if government health expenditur...

    Authors: Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi, Aishat Alaran, Abubakar Badmos, Adeola Oluwaseyi Bamisaiye, Nzeribe Emmanuella, Alison Ubong Etukakpan, Iyiola Olatunji Oladunjoye, Oladipo Oluwaseyifunmi, Shingin Kovona Musa, Temiwunmi Akinmuleya, Omotayo Carolyn Olaoye, Obafemi Arinola Olarewaju and Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno III
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2021 49:87
    Content type: Research Published on:

  49. Malaria is one of the most devastating diseases plaguing the sub-Saharan African region since time immemorial. In spite of a global reduction in mortality rates, a significant proportion of deaths due to malar...

    Authors: Abubakar Olaitan Badmos, Aishat Jumoke Alaran, Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi, Oumnia Bouaddi, Zainab Onibon, Adeniyi Dada, Xu Lin and Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno III
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2021 49:86
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  50. Authors: Eumelia P. Salva, Jose Benito Villarama, Edmundo B. Lopez, Ana Ria Sayo, Annavi Marie G. Villanueva, Tansy Edwards, Su Myat Han, Shuichi Suzuki, Xerxes Seposo, Koya Ariyoshi and Chris Smith
    Citation: Tropical Medicine and Health 2021 49:85
    Content type: Correction Published on:

    The original article was published in Tropical Medicine and Health 2020 48:51

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