Table 6 Table showing bivariate analysis: Fisher’s exact test on association of undiagnosed hypertension with predictor variables
From: Factors associated with undiagnosed hypertension among Tongan adults: a cross-sectional study
Characteristics | Undiagnosed hypertension (n = 106) | Others (n = 367) | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
Age | |||||
18–29 years | 18 | 11.8 | 134 | 88.2 | < 0.001 |
30–49 years | 57 | 30.0 | 133 | 70.0 | |
50–65 years | 31 | 23.7 | 100 | 76.3 | |
Ever had blood pressure measured by health worker? | |||||
Yes, 2022 or 2023 | 57 | 19.1 | 242 | 80.9 | 0.043 |
Yes, 2021 or before/but don’t remember the year | 31 | 25.8 | 89 | 74.2 | |
No | 18 | 33.3 | 36 | 66.7 | |
How do you feel about the difficulty or ease of visiting the health center?a | |||||
Very difficult/difficult | 12 | 13.5 | 77 | 86.5 | 0.032 |
Not difficult but not easy/easy | 90 | 24.3 | 280 | 75.7 | |
• Is there someone close to you who had hypertension and therefore visits health center sometimes? • Is there someone close to you with other NCDs? | |||||
Both “Yes” to the above questions | 28 | 16.1 | 146 | 83.9 | 0.035 |
“Yes” to either question | 39 | 25.2 | 116 | 74.8 | |
“Yes” to neither question | 39 | 27.1 | 105 | 72.9 | |
Are you aware of the risks of developing hypertension? | |||||
Yes | 39 | 16.7 | 194 | 83.3 | 0.004 |
No/others | 67 | 27.9 | 173 | 72.1 | |
Sex | |||||
Male | 53 | 22.8 | 179 | 77.2 | 0.826 |
Female | 53 | 22.0 | 188 | 78.0 | |
Educational level | |||||
Primary and Secondary schools | 84 | 24.2 | 263 | 75.8 | 0.135 |
Technical vocational educational training and University | 22 | 17.5 | 104 | 82.5 | |
Main source of income | |||||
Civil servant | 38 | 19.8 | 154 | 80.2 | 0.312 |
Non-government occupations | 68 | 24.2 | 213 | 75.8 | |
Having health insurance | |||||
Yes | 14 | 24.6 | 43 | 75.4 | 0.735 |
No | 92 | 22.1 | 324 | 77.9 | |
Are you aware of common signs of raised blood pressure? | |||||
Yes | 26 | 19.5 | 107 | 80.5 | 0.392 |
No | 80 | 23.5 | 260 | 76.5 | |
Do you have one or more of the following symptoms: headache, nose bleeding, and shortness of breath? | |||||
Yes | 43 | 24.6 | 132 | 75.4 | 0.424 |
No | 63 | 21.1 | 235 | 78.9 | |
Have you visited the health center? | |||||
Yes, 2022 or 2023 | 59 | 24.6 | 181 | 75.4 | 0.528 |
Yes, 2021 or before/but don’t remember the year | 15 | 19.2 | 63 | 80.8 | |
No | 32 | 20.8 | 122 | 79.2 | |
Do you know if you can have a health check-up at the health center? | |||||
Yes | 53 | 20.3 | 208 | 79.7 | 0.225 |
No | 53 | 25.0 | 159 | 75.0 | |
Do you know about the causes of hypertension? | |||||
Yes | 62 | 25.6 | 180 | 74.4 | 0.098 |
No | 44 | 19.0 | 187 | 81.0 | |
Do you know that having hypertension puts you at risk for cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and diabetes? | |||||
Yes | 60 | 21.7 | 217 | 78.3 | 0.656 |
No/Others | 46 | 23.5 | 150 | 76.5 | |
How many days in a week do you do physical activity for 30 min or more? | |||||
≤ 1 | 25 | 23.4 | 82 | 76.6 | 0.123 |
2–4 | 36 | 18.1 | 163 | 81.9 | |
≥ 5 | 45 | 26.9 | 122 | 73.1 | |
In a week how many days do you eat fruits? | |||||
≤ 1 | 26 | 23.9 | 83 | 76.1 | 0.440 |
2–4 | 54 | 20.4 | 211 | 79.6 | |
≥ 5 | 26 | 26.3 | 73 | 73.7 | |
In a week, how many days do you eat vegetables? | |||||
≤ 2 | 44 | 25.4 | 129 | 74.6 | 0.483 |
3–4 | 40 | 20.4 | 156 | 79.6 | |
≥ 5 | 22 | 21.2 | 82 | 78.8 | |
How often do you add salt or salty sauce to your food before eating?b | |||||
Always | 51 | 24.6 | 156 | 75.4 | 0.581 |
Sometimes | 18 | 19.6 | 74 | 80.4 | |
Rarely/never | 37 | 21.4 | 136 | 78.6 | |
Do you currently smoke tobacco daily? | |||||
Yes | 55 | 19.7 | 224 | 80.3 | 0.094 |
No | 51 | 26.3 | 143 | 73.7 | |
Do you drink any alcohol, beer, wine, or spirits? | |||||
Yes | 23 | 21.7 | 83 | 78.3 | 0.895 |
No | 83 | 22.6 | 284 | 77.4 | |