Table 3 Multilevel logistic regression analysis on association between women empowerment and childhood immunization coverage in SSA countries
Explanatory variables | Full immunization | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Model I (null model) | Model II | Model III | Model IV (full model) | |
Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR (aOR) | Adjusted OR (aOR) | ||
Women empowerment indicators | ||||
Labour force participation | ||||
Not employed | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Employed | 1.18*** [1.11,1.25] | 1.02 [0.95,1.09] | 1.16*** [1.08,1.25] | |
Acceptance toward violence | ||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Medium | 1.03 [0.95,1.12] | 1.07 [0.98,1.17] | 1.01 [0.92,1.11] | |
High | 0.96 [0.89,1.04] | 1.04 [0.96,1.14] | 0.90* [0.81,0.99] | |
Decision-making capacity | ||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Medium | 1.21*** [1.12,1.31] | 1.06 [0.97,1.16] | 1.08 [0.99,1.19] | |
High | 1.26*** [1.18,1.36] | 1.06 [0.98,1.16] | 1.11* [1.01,1.22] | |
General knowledge level | ||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Medium | 1.89*** [1.75,2.04] | 1.42*** [1.30,1.55] | 1.24*** [1.13,1.36] | |
High | 2.76*** [2.52,3.02] | 1.66*** [1.47,1.86] | 1.44*** [1.27,1.63] | |
Maternal age | ||||
15–19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
20–24 | 1.32** [1.12,1.54] | 1.27** [1.08,1.50] | ||
25–29 | 1.50*** [1.25,1.80] | 1.45*** [1.20,1.76] | ||
30–34 | 1.60*** [1.30,1.97] | 1.47*** [1.18,1.82] | ||
35–39 | 1.70*** [1.36,2.12] | 1.60*** [1.27,2.02] | ||
40–44 | 1.75*** [1.37,2.25] | 1.52** [1.17,1.97] | ||
45–49 | 1.44* [1.02,2.03] | 1.29 [0.90,1.85] | ||
Religion | ||||
No religiona | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Christians | 1.42*** [1.17,1.72] | 1.20 [0.98,1.47] | ||
Islam | 0.95 [0.78,1.15] | 0.82 [0.67,1.02] | ||
Other religion | 1.07 [0.82,1.40] | 0.88 [0.66,1.16] | ||
Wealth status | ||||
Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Poorer | 1.05 [0.95,1.15] | 1.18** [1.07,1.31] | ||
Middle | 1.07 [0.97,1.18] | 1.28*** [1.15,1.42] | ||
Richer | 0.96 [0.86,1.07] | 1.25** [1.11,1.42] | ||
Richest | 1.08 [1.94,1.23] | 1.52*** [1.31,1.77] | ||
Marital status | ||||
Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Living with partner | 0.81*** [0.73,0.88] | 0.94 [0.84,1.04] | ||
Age at first birth | ||||
Below 20 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
20–24 | 1.15** [1.06,1.24] | 1.10* [1.01,1.20] | ||
25 and above | 0.95 [0.83,1.09] | 0.95 [0.82,1.09] | ||
Parity | ||||
1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
2 | 0.76*** [0.68,0.86] | 0.78*** [0.69,0.88] | ||
3 | 0.77*** [0.67,0.88] | 0.80** [0.70,1.92] | ||
4 and above | 0.69*** [0.59,0.80] | 0.73*** [0.63,0.86] | ||
ANC visits | ||||
No visit | 0.27*** [0.23,0.31] | 0.30*** [0.26,0.35] | ||
1–3 | 0.87*** [0.81,0.93] | 0.82*** [0.76,0.89] | ||
4 and above | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Place of delivery | ||||
Home | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Health facility | 2.15*** [1.99,2.35] | 1.52*** [1.39,1.67] | ||
Sex of child | ||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Female | 0.98 [0.92,1.04] | 0.98 [0.92,1.05] | ||
Father’s education | ||||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Primary | 1.13* [1.03,1.24] | 1.14* [1.03,1.26] | ||
Secondary | 0.89* [0.80,0.98] | 1.17** [1.05,1.30] | ||
Higher | 0.96 [0.83,1.11] | 1.39*** [1.19,1.62] | ||
Community-level factors | ||||
Type of residence | ||||
Urban | 1.00 | |||
Rural | 1.13* [1.03,1.23] | |||
Country variable | ||||
Burkina Faso | 0.15*** [0.10,0.24] | |||
Benin | 0.08*** [0.05,0.12] | |||
Cote d’Ivoire | 0.04*** [0.02,0.06] | |||
Cameroon | 0.07*** [0.04,0.10] | |||
Gabon | 0.03*** [0.02,0.05] | |||
Gambia | 0.37*** [0.23,0.59] | |||
Guinea | 0.02*** [0.01,0.03] | |||
Kenya | 0.09*** [0.06,0.13] | |||
Liberia | 0.05*** [0.03,0.09] | |||
Madagascar | 0.06*** [0.03,0.09] | |||
Mali | 0.07*** [0.04,0.10] | |||
Mauritania | 0.02*** [0.02,0.04] | |||
Nigeria | 0.03*** [0.02,0.04] | |||
Rwanda | 1.00 | |||
Sierra Leone | 0.08*** [0.05,0.13] | |||
Senegal | 0.24*** [0.15,0.37] | |||
Zambia | 0.14*** [0.09,0.21] | |||
Random effect results | ||||
Variance (SE) | 0.107 (0.016)* | 0.095 (0.015)* | 0.103 (0.018)* | 0.083 (0.017)* |
ICC (%) | 3.16 | 2.82 | 3.04 | 2.47 |
PCV (%) | 1.00 | 11.21 | − 8.42 | 19.42 |
Model fit statistics | ||||
Log-likelihood | − 13,151.862 | − 12,815.663 | − 11,130.718 | − 10,288.565 |
AIC | 26,307.72 | 25,649.33 | 22,331.44 | 20,679.13 |
BIC | 26,323.45 | 25,720.1 | 22,604.25 | 21,076.66 |