Fig. 6

Distribution of malaria parasites harboring the quintuple mutant PfDHFR–PfDHPS haplotypes. This map displays each survey reporting major haplotype variations for alleles of PfDHFR 51–59–108 and PfDHPS 437–540 codon-positions. Pie charts shown on this map reflect proportions of isolates harboring the wild-type NCS–AK haplotype (i.e., PfDHFR N51–C59–S108 and PfDHPS A437–K540), the quadruple mutant IRN–GK (i.e., PfDHFR N51I–C59R–S108N and PfDHPS A437G–K540), the quintuple mutant IRN–GE (i.e., PfDHFR N51I–C59R–S108N and PfDHPS A437G–K540E), or other haplotypes within single surveys. Unshaded areas correspond to provinces that have been explored for parasites carrying different PfDHFR–PfDHPS haplotypes so far (i.e., Equateur: 2; Haut-Katanga: 3; Kinshasa:10; Kongo-Central: 11; Mai-Ndombe: 16; Nord-Kivu: 19; Sud-Kivu: 22)