Trend of sociodemographic and economic inequalities in the use of maternal health services in Lao People’s Democratic Republic from 2006 to 2017: MICS data analysis.

Ahissou, Noudéhouénou Credo Adelphe; Nonaka, Daisuke; Takeuchi, Rie; de los Reyes, Calvin; Uehara, Manami; Khampheng, Phongluxa; Kounnavong, Sengchanh; Kobayashi, Jun

doi:10.1186/s41182-023-00548-2

Table 1 Sociodemographic and economic characteristics of women

From: Trend of sociodemographic and economic inequalities in the use of maternal health services in Lao People’s Democratic Republic from 2006 to 2017: MICS data analysis.

Variables	Combined dataset (N = 10,526)		MICS 2006 (N = 1622)			LSIS 2011–12 (N = 4444)			LSIS 2017 (N = 4460)			P-value^¶
Variables	%^a	95% CI^b	n	%^a	95% CI^b	n	%^a	95% CI^b	n	%^a	95% CI^b	P-value^¶
Mother’s age			n = 1622			n = 4444			n = 4460			0.012
15–19	11.9	11.2–12.6	188	11.8	10.1–13.8	580	12.2	11.2–13.3	557	11.5	10.5–12.7
20–24	29.7	28.7–30.7	451	27.5	25.2–30.0	1386	30.5	28.9–32.1	1371	29.6	28.1–31.1
25–34	45.4	44.3–46.5	739	46.7	43.8–49.6	1869	43.3	41.7–45.0	2038	47.1	4.5–48.8
35–49	13.1	12.4–13.8	244	14.0	12.4–15.7	609	14.0	12.9–15.3	494	11.8	10.7–13.0
Age	Mean (SD)		Mean (SD)			Mean (SD)			Mean (SD)
Age	29.6 (9.8)		29.2 (9.7)			29.6 (9.9)			29.9 (9.6)
Educational attainment			n = 1605			n = 4444			n = 4460			< 0.001
No education	26.1	24.5–27.8	618	39.2	34.2–44.4	1363	29.0	26.4–31.7	870	18.5	16.6–205
Primary	40.0	38.6–41.4	727	43.2	39.3–47.3	1855	41.0	38.8–43.1	1682	37.8	35.8–39.7
Secondary+	34.0	32.4–35.6	260	17.6	14.5–21.2	1226	30.1	27.8–32.4	1908	43.8	41.5–46.1
Area of residence			n = 1622			n = 4444			n = 4460			< 0.001
Urban	23.4	21.4–25.5	238	16.3	12.5–21.1	890	22.2	19.3–25.4	1194	27.2	24.3–30.2
Rural with road	62.8	60.3–65.3	985	54.8	47.7–61.8	3067	68.0	64.3–71.5	2673	60.4	56.9–63.8
Rural without road	13.8	12.0–15.8	399	28.9	22.3–36.5	487	9.8	7.6–12.5	593	12.4	10.2–15.1
Ethnicity			n = 1621			n = 4438			n = 4416			< 0.001
Lao	16.8	14.9–18.8	781	47.9	41.8–54.2	1776	48.0	44.7–51.4	2095	55.9	52.9–58.8
Khmu	13.6	12.1–15.4	230	14.4	10.9–18.7	591	11.7	10.1–13.6	1286	25.7	23.1–28.5
Hmong	18.1	16.5–19.7	230	15.6	11.1–21.4	569	12.1	9.8–14.7	831	14.4	12.2–16.9
Other	51.6	49.3–53.8	380	22.1	16.5–28.9	1502	28.2	25.0–31.7	204	3.0	2.3–4.0
Wealth quintiles			n = 1622			n = 4444			n = 4460			0.048
Poorest	27.3	25.6–29.0	516	31.7	27.3–36.4	1367	27.4	24.9–30.0	1260	25.6	23.2–28.1
Poor	21.9	20.7–23.1	396	24.1	20.9–27.6	1010	21.5	19.9–23.2	1056	21.4	19.6–23.2
Middle	18.7	17.6–19.8	322	18.2	15.6–21.2	848	18.8	17.2–20.5	833	18.7	17.2–20.3
Rich	16.3	15.3–17.4	221	13.4	11.0–16.2	668	16.4	14.8–18.2	688	17.3	15.7–19.0
Richest	15.9	14.6–17.3	167	12.6	9.8–16.1	551	15.9	14.2–17.8	623	17.1	15.4–119.0

SD standard deviation
^¶Chi-square p-value for participants comparison across datasets
^aColumn percentages
^b95% confidence interval

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