Table 3 Subgroup rate of mobile phone bacterial contamination among healthcare workers in Africa (2009–2022)
Variables | Subgroup | No of included study | Sample size | mobile phone's bacterial contamination rate (95% CI) | Heterogeneity across the studies | Heterogeneity between group (p value) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I2 (%) | p value | ||||||
Sub-region | Eastern | 9 | 1613 | 83.62(74.40, 92.84) | 98.4 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |
Western | 4 | 168 | 77.97(58.86, 97.07) | 98.6 |  < 0.001 | ||
Northern | 8 | 632 | 87.32(81.64, 92.99) | 96.0 |  < 0.001 | ||
Southern | 2 | 166 | 30.0(21.0, 38.94) | 0 | Â | ||
Middle | 3 | 288 | 98.1(94.02, 102.17) | 84.0 | 0.012 | ||
Year of publication | 2009–2014 | 6 | 325 | 62.46(39.97, 84.96) | 98.2 |  < 0.001 | 0.027 |
2015–2022 | 20 | 2298 | 83.03(84.78, 91.29) | 97.9 |  < 0.001 | ||
Types of Health facility | Hospital | 24 | 2822 | 84.54(81.16, 87.93) | 98.1 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |
Health center | 1 | 57 | 98.3(94.94, 101.66) | 0 | |||
Clinic | 1 | 8 | 10.30(-10.76, 31.36) | 0 | |||
Sample size |  ≤ 114 | 19 | 1081 | 86.10(82.87, 89.32 | 97.4 |  < 0.001 | 0.481 |
 > 114 | 7 | 1786 | 82.15(71.65, 92.64) | 97.6 |  < 0.001 | ||
Bacteria isolation method | Selective | 5 | 366 | 95.19(91.32, 99.06) | 95.0 |  < 0.001 | 0.001 |
non-selective | 6 | 827 | 70.39(53.14, 87.64) | 99.0 |  < 0.001 | ||
Selective and non-selective | 15 | 1794 | 86.33(81.13, 91.53) | 97.6 |  < 0.001 | ||