Table 1 Descriptive summary of 26 studies included in the meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence of bacterial contamination of mobile phones of HCWs in Africa
Study ID | Authors (year) | Country | Isolate type | Bacterial isolation method | Temperature for growth in Co | Incubation time in hours | Sample size | Overall mobile phones bacteria contamination rate with 95%CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Asfaw et al. 2021 [21] | Ethiopia | Moistened swab | MacConkey agar | 35–37 | 24 | 65 | 99.9 (99.3,100.67) |
2 | Gashaw et al. 2014[44] | Ethiopia | not specified | MacConkey agar, chocolate agar, and blood agar plates | 37 | 24–48 | 57 | 98.3 (94.9, 101.66) |
3 | Daka 2014 [41] | Ethiopia | Moistened swab | Blood agar | 37 | 18–24 | 100 | 62 (52.5, 71.5) |
4 | Ayalew et al. 2019 [42] | Ethiopia | Moistened swab | Blood agar | 37 | 18–24 | 422 | 59.4 (54.7, 64.1) |
5 | Misgana et al. 2014 [43] | Ethiopia | Moistened swab | Blood agar | 37 | 24–48 | 66 | 86.4 (78.1, 94.7) |
6 | Bodena et al. 2019 [45] | Ethiopia | Moistened swab | MacConkey Agar | 37 | 18–24 | 226 | 94.2 (91.2, 97.3) |
7 | Araya et al. 2021[23] | Ethiopia | not specified | MacConkey and Blood agar | 37 | 24–48 | 572 | 79.4 (76.1, 82.7) |
8 | Mohamedin et al. 2019 [46] | Egypt | not specified | MacConkey and Blood agar | 37 | 24–48 | 150 | 79.3 (72.8, 85.8) |
9 | Elgabeery 2021 [47] | Egypt | not specified | MacConkey’s agar, nutrient agar, blood agar | 37 | 24 | 160 | 84.4 (78.8, 90.0) |
10 | Selim et al. 2015 [48] | Egypt | Moistened swab | MacConkey’s and Blood agar plates | 37 | 24 | 40 | 99.9 (98.9, 100.9) |
11 | Shahaby et al. 2012 [49] | Egypt | Dry swab | MacConkey agar plates | 37 | 48 | 8 | 10.3 (− 10.8, 31.4) |
12 | Shahlol et al. 2015 [59] | Libya | Moistened | MacCkonkeyNutrient agar | 37 | 24 | 120 | 52.5 (43.6, 61.4) |
13 | Mohamadou et al. 2021 [52] | Cameroon | Moistened swab | Blood, Chocolate, and Mannitol Salt agar | 37 | 24–48 | 156 | 95.7 (92.5, 98.9) |
14 | Bissong et al. 2022 [61] | Cameroon | Moistened swab | Blood, Chocolate, and Mannitol Salt agar | 37 | 24 | 78 | 96.2 (92.0, 100.4) |
15 | Christelle et al. 2019 [58] | DR Congo | not specified | MacConkey Agar | NR | NR | 54 | 99.9 (99.1, 100.7) |
16 | Yar et al. 2021 [50] | Ghana | Moistened swab | Blood and MacConkey Agar | 37 | 24 h | 35 | 99.9 (98.9, 100.9) |
17 | Fandoh 2018 [51] | Ghana | Dry | RODAC plate | NR | NR | 39 | 97.5 (97.5, 102.4) |
18 | Daoudi et al. 2017 [53] | Morocco | not specified | Blood agar | 37 | 72 | 17 | 99.9 (98.4, 101.4) |
19 | Nwankwo et al. 2014 [20] | Nigeria | Moistened swab | MacConkey and blood agar plates | 37 | 18–24 | 56 | 94.6 (88.7, 100.5) |
20 | Akinyemi et al. 2009 [54] | Nigeria | not specified | blood agar and eosin methylene blue agar plates | 37 | 24 | 38 | 15.3 (3.9, 26.8) |
21 | Bobat et al. 2016 [55] | South Africa | Moistened swab | Colistin, nalidixic acid agar, and MacConkey agar plates | 37 | 18–24 | 100 | 30.0 (21.0, 39.0) |
22 | Dibetso 2018 [60] | South Africa | Moistened swab | Blood agar | 4 | 48 | 66 | 99.9 (99.1, 100.7) |
23 | Haghamad 2021 [22] | Sudan | not specified | Blood agar and MacConkey agar | 37 | 18–24 | 100 | 87 (80.4, 93.6) |
24 | Osman et al. 2018 [56] | Sudan | Moistened swab | blood agar, MacConkey agar, and chocolate agar | 37 | 24 | 60 | 95 (89.3, 100.7) |
25 | Tusabe et al. 2021 [57] | Uganda | Moistened swab | MacConkey agar plates | 37 | 24 | 13 | 93 (79.1, 106.9) |
26 | Mushabati et al. 2021 [24] | Zambia | Moistened swab | MacConkey, chocolate, and blood agar | 35–37 | 18–24 | 92 | 79 (70.7, 87.3) |