Table 5 Antiplasmodial, antimalarial and toxicity studies of extracts and compounds isolated from plants reported in malaria phytotherapy of Bwambara Sub-County, Rukungiri District, Western Uganda
From: Ethnomedicinal plants used for malaria treatment in Rukungiri District, Western Uganda
Medicinal plant | Plant organ | Solvent1 | Antiplasmodial/antimalarial (Plasmodium spp) efficacy2 | Reported bioactive phytochemicals | Toxicity profile | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aloe vera | Leaves | Water | EC50 values for extract: 0.289 to 1056 μg/mL (MRC-2), 169.76 (3D7) for aloin | Aloin | Considered to be safe | |
Albizia coriaria | Stem bark | MeOH | 15.2 (D6); 16.8 (W2) | Triterpenoids, lupeol, lupenone | Cytotoxic to the human glioblastoma cell line U87 CD4 CXCR4 (​​CC50 = 6.4 and 14.9 μg/ml for ethanol and DMSO extracts) | |
Azadirachta indica | Leaves | Water, MeOH | 17.9 (D6); 43.7 (W2) | Terpenoids, isoprenoids, gedunin, limonoids: khayanthone, meldenin, nimbinin | Cytotoxicity LD50 of 101.26 and 61.43 µg/ml for water and methanol extracts | |
Bidens pilosa | Leaves | DCM, water, MeOH | 8.5, 5, 11, 70 (D10) | No reports | Hydro and ethanolic extracts are not toxic in mice (LD50 = 12.3 and 6.2 g/kg bw, respectively). Safe in humans | |
Carica papaya | Leaves | Ethyl acetate | 2.96 (D10), 3.98 (DD2), 0.2 µM (carpaine) | Carpaine | Carpaine has high selectivity (106), nontoxic to normal red blood cells and rat skeletal myoblast (L6) cells | |
Clausena anisata | Twigs, Leaves | DCM/MeOH, water | 18 (D10), > 100 (D10); 55, > 100 (D10) | No reports | Potentially toxic | |
Cleome gynandra | Whole plant | Hexane, ethyl acetate, MeOH | Schizonticidal activity in vitro (NK65) | Apigenin, caffeic, Ferulic, hexadecanoic acids, kaempferol, taraxasterol, pheophytin A, sitosterol, stigmasterol; 5,7,13,15-eicosatetraen-9, 12-diol and 9-hydroxy-5,7,13,15-eicosatetraen-12-one | No report | [76] |
Clerodendrum capitatum | Leaves | Ethanol | 65.3% chemosuppression at 400 mg/kg | Tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenes | LD50 > 5000 mg/kg | [77] |
Erythrina abyssinica | Stem bark | Ethyl acetate | 83.6% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml | Chalcones (5-prenylbutein, homobutein), flavanones such as 5-deoxyabyssinin II, abyssinin III and abyssinone IV | Minimal toxicity reported in animal studies | |
Kigelia africana | Bark, fruit | Chloroform/ethyl acetate, MeOH | 59.9 (K39), 83.8 (V1/S); fruits had 165.9 (K39) | None reported | Aqueous fruit extract elicited hepatorenal toxic effects in rats | |
Markhamia lutea | Leaves | Ethyl acetate | 71% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml | Phenylpropanoid glycosides, cycloartane triterpenoids, musambins A-C, Candmusambiosides A-C | Aqueous leaf and ethanolic extracts with curative anti-inflammatory activity attenuated paclitaxel toxicity in rat’s intestine | |
Momordica foetida | Shoot | Water | 6.16 (NF54); 0.35 (FCR3) | Saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides | No toxicity against human hepatocellular (HepG2) and urinary bladder carcinoma (ECV-304, derivative of T-24) cells | |
Mondia whitei | Whole root | MeOH | 2% parasitemia suppression (ANKA) | Chlorogenic acid | Low toxicity on mice exposed to extract for 90Â days | |
Moringa oleifera | Flower, leaves | Water, MeOH, acetone, hexane | Parasitemia suppression upto 99.48% | Flavonoids | Not toxic | [88] |
Ocimum gratissimum | Leaves/twigs | DCM | 8.6 (W2) | Flavonoids | LD50 of the butanolic and ethyl acetate fraction of MeOH leaf extract were 2154.1 and 3807.9Â mg/kg | |
Ocimum kilimandscharicum | Leaves, twigs | DCM | 0.843 (D6); 1.547 (W2) | No reports | No reports | [89] |
Plectranthus barbatus | Leaves | DCM | No activity | No toxicity recorded | No reports | |
Rootbark | Water (hot), chloroform/MeOH | 100Â mg/kg/day of extracts had 55.23% and 78.69% parasite chemosuppression | No report | No reports | ||
Senna didymobotrya | Leaves twigs | MeOH, DCM/MeOH (1:1) |  > 100 (K39), 9.5 (D10) | Quinones | Root extracts were toxic (LD50 = 1927 mg/kg) | |
Solanecio mannii | Leaves | MeOH | 21.6 (3D7), 26.2 (W2) | Phytosterols, n-alkanes and N-hexacosanol | No reports | |
Tithonia diversifolia | Aerial parts, leaves | MeOH, ether | 1.2 (3D7); 1.5 (W2), MeOH extract had 74% parasitemia suppression | Tagitinin C, sesquiterpene lactones | Aerial parts reportedly cytotoxic against cells from human foetal lung fibroblast cell line | |
Vernonia amygdalina | Leaves | MeOH/DCM, ethanol | 2.7 (K1), 9.83. In vivo parasite suppression of between 57.2–72.7% in combination with chloroquine | Vernolepin, vernolin, vernolide, vernodalin and hydroxy vernodalin, steroid glucosides | Petroleum ether extract elicited strong cytotoxicity | |
Warburgia ugandensis | Stem bark | MeOH, water, DCM | 6.4 (D6); 6.9 (W2), 12.9 (D6); 15.6 (W2) 69% parasite suppression | Coloratane sesquiterpenes, e.g., muzigadiolide | Cytotoxic to the human glioblastoma cell line U87 CD4 CXCR4 (​​CC50 = 7.2 and 2.0 μg/ml for ethanol and DMSO extracts |