Table 5 Literature on antiplasmodial/antimalarial activities and toxicity of extracts and isolated compounds of the plants identified in Tororo District, Eastern Uganda
Plant name | Part used | Solvent used | Antiplasmodial (IC50 μg/ml)/antimalarial (Plasmodium strain) activities | Active phytochemicals | Toxicity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abrus precatorius L | Leaves | Methanol | 85.59 (D6), > 100 (W2) | Abruquinone B isolated from the aerial parts; showed antiplasmodial activity (IC50 = 1.5 μg/ml) | Two main cytotoxic constituents of leaf extract were Stigmasterol hemihydrate and β-monolinolein (IC50 = 74.2 and 13.2 µg/ml), respectively, in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and cytotoxic activities. Abruquinone B was cytotoxic towards KB & BC cell lines (IC50:13.0 ± 19.8 μg/ml) | |
Albizia coriaria Welw. ex Oliver | Stem bark | Methanol | 15.2 (D6); 16.8 (W2) | Triterpenoids, lupeol, lupenone | Cytotoxic to the human glioblastoma cell line U87 CD4 CXCR4 (CC50 = 6.4 and 14.9 μg/ml for ethanol and DMSO extracts | |
Azadirachta indica A. Juss | Leaves | Water, methanol | 17.9 (D6); 43.7 (W2) | Terpenoids, isoprenoids, gedunin, limonoids: khayanthone, meldenin, nimbinin | Cytotoxicity LD50 of 101.26 and 61.43 µg/ml for water and methanol extracts | |
Bidens pilosa L | Leaves | Dichloromethane, water, methanol | 8.5, 5, 11, 70 (D10) | No reports | Hydro and ethanol extracts are not toxic in mice (LD50 = 12.3 and 6.2 g/kg bw), respectively. Safe in humans | |
Carica papaya L | Leaves | Ethyl acetate | 2.96 (D10), 3.98 (DD2), 0.2 uM (carpaine) | Carpaine | Carpaine has high selectivity (106) and is nontoxic to normal red blood cells and rat skeletal myoblast (L6) cells | |
Cissampelos mucronata A. Rich | Root bark, root | Methanol, ethyl acetate | 8.8 (D6); 9.2 (W2). Root extract- < 3.91 (D6), 0.24 (W2) for curine | Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, curine | Slightly to moderately toxic LD50 = 288.53 mg/kg for the ethanol root extract and 8500 mg/kg for the methanol leaf extract | |
Clerodendrum myricoides | Root bark | Ethanol chloroform | 4.7 (D6); 8.3 (W2) > 10 (D6) | No reports | Cytotoxicity = IC50 > 20.0 μg/ml | |
Harrisonia abyssinica Olive | Roots | Water, methanol | 4.4 (D6), 10.25 (W2); 89.74, 79.50 (ENT 30); 86.56 | Limonoids, steroids | Slightly to moderately toxic with LD50 of 234.71and 217.34 µg/ml for water and methanol extracts in mice | |
Melia azedarach L | Leaves | Methanol, DCM | 55.1 (3D7), 19.1 (W2); 28 | No reports | No reports of leaf toxicity | |
Momordica foetida Schumach | Shoot | Water | 6.16 (NF54); 0.35 (FCR3) | Saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides | No pronounced toxicity against human hepatocellular (HepG2) and human urinary bladder carcinoma (ECV-304, derivative of T-24) cells | |
Ocimum basilicum L | Leaves, whole plant | Ethanol | 68.14 (3D7); 67.27 (INDO) | No reports | LD50 in rats was greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. Not toxic, generally safe, LD50 = 100–5000 mg/kg body weight | |
Senna occidentalis L | Leaves | Dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanol | 48.80 (3D7), 54.28 (NIDO); < 3 | Quinones | Slightly to moderately toxic LD50 of leaf and stem extracts = 5 g/kg in mice | |
Solanum incanum L | Leaves | Chloroform/methanol | 31% parasite suppression | No report | No mortality and overt toxicity in mice at the limit dose of 2 g/kg: LD50 of both leaf and root hydromethanol extracts > 2 g/kg in mice | [75] |
Tamarindus indica L | Stem bark | Water | 25.1% parasite suppression at 10Â mg/kg (P. berghei) | Saponins (leaves), tannins (fruits) | Not toxic | |
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam | Root bark, fruits and leaves | Methanol, water, ethyl acetate, hexane | 6.8 (D6); 13.9 (W2). Ethyl acetate fruit extract (1.80 mg/ml), root bark aqueous (2.43) (W2) | Furoquinolones (nitidine, 5,6-dihydronitidine), coumarins | Slightly to moderately toxic Acute and cytotoxicity of the extracts, with the exception of hexane extract from the roots showed LD50 > 1000 mg/kg and CC50 > 100 mg/ml, respectively | |
Vernonia amygdalina Del | Leaves | Methanol/dichloromethane, ethanol | 2.7 (K1), 9.83. In vivo parasite suppression of between 57.2–72.7% in combination with chloroquine | Vernolepin, vernolin, vernolide, vernodalin and hydroxy vernodalin, steroid glucosides | Petroleum ether extract shows strong cytotoxicity | |
Warburgia ugandensis Sprague | Stem bark | Methanol, water, dichloromethane | 6.4 (D6); 6.9 (W2), 12.9 (D6); 15.6 (W2) 69% parasite suppression | Coloratane sesquiterpenes, e.g., muzigadiolide | Cytotoxic to the human glioblastoma cell line U87 CD4 CXCR4 (CC50 = 7.2 and 2.0 μg/ml for ethanol and DMSO extracts |