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Table 3 Multilevel logistic regression estimates for CS by selected socio-demographic characteristics

From: Individual and community-level factors associated with caesarean section in Haiti: secondary analysis of data from the 2016–2017 Haitian Demographic and Health Survey

Sociodemographic characteristics

Model-0

ICC = 31.6%

Model-I

aOR (95% CI)

Model-II

aOR (95% CI)

Model-III

aOR (95% CI)

Mother’s age

    

 Less than 25 years

 

0.81 (0.59–1.11)

 

0.80 (0.58–1.11)

 35 and above

 

1.40 (1.00–1.96)*

 

1.38 (1.00–1.96)*

 Ref. = 25–34

    

Wealth Index

    

 Richest

 

4.36 (2.39–7.94)***

 

1.92 (0.95–3.86)

 Richer

 

2.28 (1.26–4.10)**

 

1.21 (0.61–2.38)

 Middle

 

1.64 (0.90–2.98)

 

1.09 (0.57–2.06)

 Poorer

 

2.22 (1.25–3.94)**

 

1.98 (1.10–3.54)

 Ref. = poorest

    

Religion

    

 Non-Christian

 

0.64 (0.38–1.08)

 

0.68 (0.39–1.16)

 Ref. = Christian

    

Mother's education level

    

 Secondary

 

2.07 (1.48–2.90)***

 

1.95 (1.39–2.76)***

 Higher

 

4.15 (2.49–6.90)***

 

3.25 (1.92 – 5.49)***

 Ref. = primary or no formal education

    

Covered by health insurance

    

 Yes

 

2.98 (1.85–4.80)***

 

2.57 (1.57–4.19)***

 Ref. = No

    

Number of living children

    

 Less than 3

 

4.44 (2.36–8.35)***

 

4.13 (2.18–7.85)***

 3–4

 

2.10 (1.11–3.98)*

 

2.07 (1.09–3.94)*

 Ref. = 5 and above

    

Number of antenatal visits

    

 4–8

 

1.39 (1.04–1.87)*

 

1.33 (0.98–1.79)

 9 and above

 

2.39 (1.52–3.76)***

 

2.21 (1.40–3.50)**

 Ref. = less than 4

    

Baby’s birth weight

    

 Average

 

0.66 (0.50–0.90)**

 

0.66 (0.48–0.91)*

 Low birth weight

 

1.03 (0.74–1.45)

 

1.05 (0.74–1.48)

 Ref. = high birth weight

    

Place of residence

    

 Urban

  

1.80 (1.16–2.81)**

1.22 (0.75–2.00)

 Ref. = rural

    

Region

    

 Reste-ouest

  

0.65 (0.33–1.29)

0.82 (0.41–1.62)

 Sud-Est

  

0.64 (0.27–1.55)

0.65 (0.27–1.59)

 Nord

  

0.78 (0.41–1.49)

1.03 (0.54–1.95)

 Nord-Est

  

0.71 (0.31–1.60)

1.07 (0.47–2.42)

 Artibonite

  

0.40 (0.21–0.78)**

0.53 (0.28 – 1.03)

 Centre

  

0.86 (0.42–1.75)

1.21 (0.59–2.48)

 Sud

  

0.77 (0.36–1.64)

0.87 (0.40–1.87)

 Grand'Anse/Nippes

  

0.55 (0.25–1.20)

0.71 (0.32–1.57)

 Nord-Ouest

  

0.42 (0.17–1.06)

0.53 (0.21–1.32)

 Ref. = Aire Métropolitaine de Port-au-Prince

   

Community*Type of facility

    

 Highly private

  

3.17 (2.17–4.65)***

1.90 (1.25–2.85)**

 Highly home/others

  

0.24 (0.18–0.33)***

0.36 (0.26–0.50)***

 Ref. = highly public

    
  1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001