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Table 4 Univariate and multivariate binomial analyses of factors associated with high COVID-19 incidence area

From: Polarized nature of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: associations with population age structure and behaviours

Respondents’ behaviours and perceptions

Un-weighted, n = 6000

Weighted, n = 6000

Numbers (%) in low-COVID-19-incidence area

Numbers (%) in high-COVID-19-incidence area

Numbers (%) in low-COVID-19-incidence area

Numbers (%) in high-COVID-19-incidence area

Univariate binominal analysis for high-COVID-19 incidence area OR (95% CI)

Multivariate binominal analysis for high-COVID-19 incidence area AOR (95% CI)

Commuting by private automobile

No

1447 (48%)

2294 (77%)

1696 (56%)

2337 (78%)

ref

ref

Yes

1553 (52%)

706 (24%)

1304 (44%)

663 (22%)

0.369 (0.330–0.413)***

0.444 (0.39–0.501)***

Commuting by public transportation

No

2809 (94%)

2008 (67%)

2874 (96%)

2172 (72%)

ref

ref

Yes

191 (6%)

992 (33%)

126 (4%)

828 (28%)

8.695 (7.151–10.573)***

6.813 (5.567–8.336)***

Washing hands

No

421 (14%)

307 (10%)

350 (12%)

264 (9%)

ref

ref

Yes

2579 (86%)

2693 (90%)

2650 (88%)

2736 (91%)

1.369(1.157–1.620)***

1.233 (1.005–1.511)*

Practicing cough etiquette

No

988 (33%)

922 (31%)

1039 (35%)

912 (30%)

ref

ref

Yes

2012 (67%)

2078 (69%)

1961 (65%)

2088 (70%)

1.213 (1.089–1.352)**

1.014 (0.890–1.155)

Opening windows regularly

No

1541 (51%)

1409 (47%)

1590 (53%)

1359 (45%)

ref

ref

Yes

1459 (49%)

1519 (53%)

1410 (47%)

1641 (55%)

1.362 (1.230–1.507)***

1.248 (1.104–1.412)***

Avoiding all 3 Csa

No

1888 (63%)

1636 (55%)

1685 (56%)

1533 (51%)

ref

–b

Yes

1112 (37%)

1364 (45%)

1315 (44%)

1467 (49%)

1.226 (1.108–1.357)***

 

Avoiding closed spaces with poor ventilation

No

1189 (40%)

988 (33%)

1001 (33%)

899 (30%)

ref

ref

Yes

1811 (60%)

2012 (67%)

1999 (67%)

2101 (70%)

1.170 (1.050–1.305)**

1.059 (0.912–1.229)

Avoiding crowded places

No

742 (25%)

702 (23%)

641 (21%)

620 (21%)

ref

ref

Yes

2258 (75%)

2298 (77%)

2359 (79%)

2380 (79%)

1.043 (0.921–1.181)

0.757 (0.641–0.893)**

Avoiding close-contact setting

No

1604 (54%)

1355 (45%)

1401 (47%)

1264 (42%)

ref

ref

Yes

1396 (47%)

1645 (55%)

1599 (53%)

1736 (58%)

1.203 (1.087–1.333)***

1.106 (0.972–1.259)

Non-scheduled visit to drinking places

No

2098 (70%)

1927 (64%)

2344 (78%)

2135 (71%)

ref

ref

Yes

902 (30%)

1073 (36%)

656 (22%)

865 (29%)

1.448 (1.288–1.628)***

1.212 (1.054–1.392)*

Going eat

No

1086 (36%)

1028 (34%)

1209 40%)

1138 (38%)

ref

ref

Yes

1914 (64%)

1972 (66%)

1791 (60%)

1862 (62%)

1.105 (0.996–1.225)

0.899 (0.798–1.014)

Perceived risk of contracting COVID-19

No

760 (25%)

618 (21%)

805 (27%)

626 (21%)

ref

ref

Yes

2240 (75%)

2382 (79%)

2195 (73%)

2374 (79%)

1.391 (1.234–1.567)***

1.380 (1.180 – 1.612)***

Being afraid of transmitting COVID-19 to others

No

964 (32%)

847 (28%)

1000 (33%)

882 (29%)

ref

ref

Yes

2036 (68%)

2153 (72%)

2000 (67%)

2118 (71%)

1.201 (1.076–1.339)**

0.933 (0.807–1.080)

Wearing facemask

No

215 (7%)

171 (6%)

186 (6%)

166 (6%)

ref

ref

Yes

2785 (93%)

2829 (94%)

2814 (94%)

2834 (94%)

1.128 (0.910–1.400)

1.008 (0.789–1.288)

  1. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001
  2. Based on the cumulative number of COVID-19 cases per 100,000 population as of 2 May 2020, the 20 studied prefectures were divided into low (bottom 10) and high (top 10) areas
  3. AOR adjusted odds ratio, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval; ref: reference category
  4. aAvoiding all 3 Cs means that avoiding ‘closed spaces with poor ventilation’, ‘crowded places’ and ‘close contact setting’, such as close-range conversations
  5. b‘Avoiding all 3 Cs’, includes the broken down three behaviours. Therefore, this variable was excluded from the multivariate binominal analysis
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Tropical Medicine and Health

ISSN: 1349-4147

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