Table 4 Factors associated with 1–3 antenatal care visits in Tanzania, 1999–2016
Variables | 1999 | 2004–2005 | 2010 | 2015–2016 | 1999–2016 | P for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI)$ | OR (95 % CI)$ | OR (95 % CI)$ | OR (95 % CI)$ | OR (95 % CI)$ | ||
Community-level factors | ||||||
Place of residence | ||||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.019 |
Rural | 0.95 (0.11–8.46) | 0.68 (0.30–1.53) | 0.46 (0.14–1.49) | 1.16 (0.47–2.85) | 0.79 (0.48–1.33) | 0.000 |
Predisposing factors | ||||||
Socio-demographic factors | ||||||
Maternal age | ||||||
15–24 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.003 |
25–34 years | 1.20 (0.19–7.57) | 0.52 (0.25–1.07) | 0.69 (0.25–1.93) | 0.80 (0.35–1.83) | 0.69 (0.43–1.11) | 0.001 |
35–49 years | 2.93 (0.24–35.67) | 0.82 (0.32–2.07) | 0.95 (0.28–3.15) | 1.20 (0.41–3.51) | 1.14 (0.63–2.06) | 0.004 |
Maternal education | ||||||
No schooling | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.000 |
Primary school and above | 6.38 (0.98–41.68) | 2.75 (1.31–5.77) | 2.33 (0.81–6.70) | 0.59 (0.22–1.58) | 1.89 (1.17–3.07) | 0.000 |
Household wealth status | ||||||
Poor | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.000 |
Middle | 2.22 (0.27–18.18) | 2.74 (1.31–5.73) | 0.82 (0.29–2.27) | 4.40 (1.60–12.16) | 2.50 (1.54–4.07) | 0.013 |
Rich | 2.10 (0.11–38.51) | 4.03 (1.60–10.11) | 1.32 (0.31–5.72) | 1.23 (0.35–4.31) | 1.97 (1.06–3.68) | 0.058 |
Maternal employment | ||||||
No employment | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.000 |
Formal employment | 1.75 (0.37–8.21) | 2.27 (0.27–18.98) | 1.32 (0.39–4.49) | 1.69 (0.73–3.93) | 0.480 | |
Informal employment | 1.75 (0.27–11.21) | 1.48 (0.73–3.01) | 2.15 (0.78–5.96) | 1.34 (0.61–2.95) | 1.77 (1.13–2.77) | 0.001 |
Exposure to media | ||||||
Listening to radio | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.002 |
Yes | 2.01(0.22–18.46) | 1.17 (0.56–2.44) | 2.61 (0.96–7.10) | 2.13 (0.95–4.80) | 1.45 (0.92–2.29) | 0.000 |
Reading newspapers/magazines | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.000 |
Yes | 0.75 (0.34–1.66) | 0.77 (0.25–2.38) | 1.13 (0.49–2.65) | 0.84 (0.50–1.39) | 0.010 | |
Watching television | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.43–2.67) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.000 |
Yes | 0.14 (0.02–1.12) | 0.35 (0.10–1.19) | 1.48 (0.55–4.03) | 1.08 (0.63–1.85) | 0.096 | |
Enabling factors | ||||||
Distance to the health facilities** | ||||||
Big problem | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.014 | |
Not a big problem | 1.54 (0.62–3.79) | 1.42 (0.28–7.37) | 1.02 (0.49–2.11) | 0.92 (0.59–1.45) | 0.000 | |
Mother’s autonomy ** | ||||||
Involved in household decisions | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.306 | |
Not involved in household decisions | 0.27 (0.24–0.31) | 1.19 (0.49–2.94) | 1.29 (0.58–2.86) | 0.58 (0.35–0.95) | 0.000 | |
Need factors | ||||||
Ever contraceptive use | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.000 |
Yes | 0.59 (0.28–1.24) | 0.86 (0.32–2.34) | 0.62 (0.29–1.34) | 0.77 (0.49–1.21) | 0.006 | |
Desire to the current pregnancy | ||||||
Desired | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.000 |
Not desired | 0.69 (0.25–1.90) | 0.44 (0.09–2.13) | 0.70 (0.15–3.29) | 0.52 (0.25–1.06) | 0.306 | |