Immune response to hepatitis B vaccine among children under 5 years in Africa: a meta-analysis

Olakunde, Babayemi O.; Ifeorah, Ijeoma M.; Adeyinka, Daniel A.; Olakunde, Olubunmi A.; Ogundipe, Temitayo; Olawepo, John O.; Ezeanolue, Echezona E.

doi:10.1186/s41182-024-00594-4

Tropical Medicine and Health

Table 1 Summary characteristics of studies included in the review

From: Immune response to hepatitis B vaccine among children under 5 years in Africa: a meta-analysis

First Author, year of publication	Study design	Country	Region	Primary population	Age of participants (under five)	Vaccine schedule	Vaccine doses	Vaccine combination	Vaccine type	Assay method	Sample size (under five)	Quality assessment
Abushady, 2011 [52]	Cross-sectional	Egypt	NA	Healthy	2–3 years	2, 4, and 6 months	3 doses	Monovalent	Recombinant	Enzyme immunoassay	200	Weak
Accrombess, 2020 [53]	Cross-sectional	Benin	WCA	Healthy*	9 months	6, 10, and 14; 0, 6, 10, and 14 weeks	3 and 4 doses	Pentavalent; Monovalent	Recombinant	Enzyme immunoassay	136	Moderate
Anutebeh, 2021 [54]	Cross-sectional	Cameroun	WCA	Healthy**	6–9 months	6, 10, and 14 weeks; 0, 6, 10, and 14 weeks	3 and 4 doses	NR	NR	Enzyme immunoassay	161	Weak
Apiung, 2017 [55]	Cross-sectional	Ghana	WCA	Healthy	5–32 months	6, 10, and 14 weeks	3 doses	Pentavalent	Recombinant	Enzyme immunoassay	424	Moderate
Aspinall, 1998 [56]	Longitudinal	South Africa	ESA	Healthy	Infants	6, 10, and 14 weeks	3 doses	Monovalent	Plasma-derived	Enzyme immunoassay	186	Weak
Aspinall, 2012 [57]	RCT (phase III)	South Africa	ESA	Healthy	42–64 days	6, 10, and 14 weeks	3 doses	Pentavalent	Recombinant	Enzyme immunoassay	320	Strong
Baroncelli, 2021 [58]	Longitudinal	Malawi	ESA	HIV-exposed***	Infants	6, 10, and 14 weeks	3 doses	Pentavalent	NR	Enzyme immunoassay	111	Moderate
Coursaget, 1992 [59]	Longitudinal	Senegal	WCA	Healthy	Infants	2, 4, and 9 or 10 months	3 doses	Monovalent	Plasma-derived; Recombinant	Radioimmunoassay	122	Weak
El-Asheer, 2015 [60]	Cross-sectional	Egypt	NA	Healthy and acutely/chronically ill	≤ 1 year	2, 4, and 6 months	3 doses	NR	Recombinant	Enzyme immunoassay	29	Weak
Fortuin, 1993 [61]	Cross-sectional	Gambia	WCA	Healthy	3–4 years	0, 2, 4 and 9 months	4 doses	NR	Plasma-derived	Radioimmunoassay	24	Weak
Hodgson, 2008 [62]	RCT (phase II)	Ghana	WCA	Healthy	6–8 weeks	6, 10, and 14 weeks	3 doses	Pentavalent, Heptavalent	Recombinant	Enzyme immunoassay	244	Strong
Koen, 2021 [63]	RCT (open-label, phase III)	South Africa	ESA	HIV-exposed infected and HIV-exposed uninfected	5–8 weeks	6, 10, and 14 weeks	3 doses	Hexavalent	Recombinant	Chemiluminescence immunoassay	63	Strong
Madhi, 2011a [64]	RCT (open-label, phase III)	South Africa	ESA	Healthy	> 24 h	6, 10, and 14 weeks	3 doses	Monovalent	Recombinant	Chemiluminescence immunoassay	196	Moderate
Madhi, 2011b [65]	RCT (open-label, phase III)	South Africa	ESA	Healthy	0–3 days	0, 6, 10, and 14 weeks; 6, 10, and 14 weeks	3 and 4 doses	Hexavalent and monovalent	Recombinant	Chemiluminescence immunoassay	555	Moderate
Magoni, 2009 [66]	Cross-sectional	Ivory Coast	WCA	Healthy	12–59 months	6, 10, and 14 weeks	3 doses	NR	NR	Enzyme immunoassay	609	Weak
Mancinelli, 2018 [67]	Longitudinal	Malawi	ESA	HIV-exposed****	0 week	6, 10, and 14 weeks	3 doses	NR	NR	Enzyme immunoassay	58	Weak
Mbuthia, 2018 [68]	Cross-sectional	Kenya	ESA	General and HIV-infected	< 24–48 months	6, 10, and 14 weeks	3 doses	Pentavalent	Recombinant	Enzyme immunoassay	217	Weak
Metodi, 2010 [69]	Cross-sectional	Tanzania	ESA	General*****	2–59 months	4, 8, and 12 weeks	3 doses	Tetravalent	Recombinant	Enzyme immunoassay	279	Weak
Newton, 2007 [70]	RCT (open-label)	Ghana	WCA	Healthy	6–18 weeks	6, 10, and 14 weeks	3 doses	Pentavalent	Recombinant	Enzyme immunoassay	888	Strong
Nlend, 2016 [71]	Cross-sectional	Cameroun	WCA	Healthy, HIV-exposed uninfected, HIV infected	6–59 months	A series of three-monthly doses	3 doses	Pentavalent	Recombinant	Enzyme immunoassay	82	Weak
Ouedraogo, 2013 [72]	Cross-sectional	Burkina Faso	WCA	Healthy	6–18 months	A series of three-monthly doses	3 doses	Pentavalent	Recombinant	Immunofluorescence assay	200	Weak
Rey-Cuille, 2012 [73]	Cross-sectional	Cameroun and Senegal	WCA	Acutely/chronically ill	< 4 years	6, 10, and 14 weeks	3 doses	Pentavalent	Recombinant	Enzyme immunoassay	242	Moderate
Salama, 2015 [74]	Cross-sectional	Egypt	NA	Healthy	< 5 years	2, 4 and 6 months	3 doses	NR	Recombinant	Enzyme immunoassay	1114	Moderate
Schoub, 2002 [75]	Cross-sectional	South Africa	ESA	Healthy	18 months	6, 10, and 14 weeks	3 doses	Monovalent	Plasma	Enzyme immunoassay	769	Moderate
Shindano, 2019 [76]	Cross-sectional	Democratic Republic of the Congo	WCA	Healthy	6–12 months	6, 10, and 14 weeks	3 doses	Pentavalent	Recombinant	Enzyme Immunoassay	200	Weak
Simani, 2014 [77]	Cross-sectional (archived serum samples)	South Africa	ESA	Healthy, HIV-exposed infected, and HIV-exposed uninfected	6–12 weeks	6, 10, and 14 weeks	3 doses	Monovalent	Recombinant	Immunofluorescence assay	482	Moderate
Tsebe, 2001 [78]	Cross-sectional	South Africa	ESA	Healthy	8–48 months	6, 10, and 14 weeks	3 doses	Monovalent	Plasma-derived	Enzyme immunoassay	569	Weak
Valéa, 2018 [79]	RCT (open-label phase III)	Burkina Faso and Ghana	WCA	Healthy	8–12 week	8, 12 and 16 weeks	3 doses	Monovalent	Recombinant	Chemiluminescence immunoassay	253	Strong
Whittle, 1991 [80]	Cross-sectional	Gambia	WCA	Healthy	0–4 years	2, 4, and 6 months; 1, 2, 4, and 9 months	3 and 4 doses	NR	Recombinant	Radioimmunoassay	434	Weak

RCT Randomized Controlled Trial; NA North Africa; ESA East and Southern Africa; WCA West and Central Africa; HBV Hepatitis B virus; HIV Human immunodeficiency virus; EBV Epstein–Barr virus; NR Not reported
*7.1% of the study population HBV-exposed; **3.7% HIV-exposed; ***88.7% EBV-infected; ****8.3% HBV-exposed; *****10.5% HIV-infected; ****** 2.0% HIV-exposed and 3.0% HBV-exposed

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ISSN: 1349-4147

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