Table 3 Factors associated with overweight/obesity among women in sub-Saharan Africa

Fixed effect results

 Women’ s age (years)

  15–19

1.00

1.00

  20–24

1.81*** [1.69, 1.94]

1.75*** [1.63, 1.87]

  25–29

3.21*** [2.98, 3.46]

2.96*** [2.75, 3.20]

  30–34

5.04*** [4.65, 5.47]

4.51*** [4.15, 4.89]

  35–39

6.56*** [6.03, 7.14]

5.74*** [5.27, 6.25]

  40–44

7.12*** [6.53, 7.78]

6.25*** [5.72, 6.83]

  45–49

7.89*** [7.21, 8.63]

6.89*** [6.28, 7.55]

 Marital status

  Never in union

1.00

1.00

  Married

1.20*** [1.13, 1.28]

1.21*** [1.14, 1.30]

  Cohabiting

1.16*** [1.07, 1.26]

1.19*** 1.10, 1.28]

  Widowed

1.02 [0.92, 1.13]

1.02 [0.92, 1.14]

  Divorced

1.27*** [1.14, 1.41]

1.24*** [1.11, 1.38]

  Separated

1.04 [0.95, 1.15]

1.05 [0.96, 1.16]

 Level of education

  No education

1.00

1.00

  Primary

1.48*** [1.42, 1.55]

1.41***[1.35, 1.48]

  Secondary

2.03*** [1.93, 2.13]

1.68*** [1.60, 1.76]

  Higher

2.15*** [1.99, 2.33]

1.65***[1.53, 1.79]

 Current working status

  Not working

1.00

1.00

  Working

0.92*** [0.89, 0.95]

0.93*** [0.89, 0.96]

 Parity

  None

1.00

1.00

  One birth

1.14*** [1.06, 1.22]

1.18*** [1.10, 1.27]

  Two births

1.19*** [1.11, 1.29]

1.27*** [1.18, 1.38]

  Three births

1.19*** [1.10, 1.29]

1.30*** [1.20, 1.41]

  Four or more births

1.02 [0.95, 1.10]

1.18*** [1.09, 1.28]

 Frequency of watching television

  Not at all

1.00

1.00

  Less than once a week

1.87*** [1.79, 1.97]

1.51*** [1.44, 1.58]

  At least once a week

2.84*** [2.72, 2.97]

1.97*** [1.88, 2.06]

 Household size

  Small

1.00

1.00

  Medium

0.91*** [0.88, 0.94]

0.98 [0.94, 1.02]

  Large

0.83*** [0.79, 0.88]

0.97 [0.91, 1.03]

 Wealth index

  Poorest

1.00

1.00

  Poorer

1.37*** [1.29, 1.46]

1.31*** [1.23, 1.39]

  Middle

1.74*** [1.64, 1.85]

1.54*** [1.45, 1.64]

  Richer

2.22*** [2.09, 2.37]

1.87*** [1.75, 2.00]

  Richest

2.68*** [2.51, 2.87]

2.01*** [1.87, 2.15]

 Type of place of residence

  Rural

1.00

1.00

  Urban

1.90*** [1.81, 1.99]

1.64*** [1.56, 1.73]

 Random effect model

  PSU variance (95% CI)

0.347 [0.310, 0.388]

0.209 [0.181, 0.243]

0.253 [0.223, 0.287]

0.214 [0.185, 0.247]

  ICC

0.095

0.060

0.071

0.061

  Wald Chi-square

Reference

8695.52

3003.78

9074.98

 Model fitness

  Log-likelihood

− 217,118.92

− 191,804.6

− 207,041.47

− 188,612.12

  AIC

434,241.8

383,655.2

414,191.9

377,284.2

  N

177,329

177,329

177,329

177,329

  Number of clusters

1691

1691

1691

1691