Table 5 Factors associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety (n = 596)
From: Depression and anxiety symptoms among Vietnamese migrants in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic
Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) | Anxiety symptoms (GAD-7) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted bivariate model | Multivariable logistic regression model | Unadjusted bivariate model | Multivariable logistic regression model | |||||
Odds ratio [95% CI] | p | Odds ratio [95% CI] | p | Odds ratio [95% CI] | p | Odds ratio [95% CI] | p | |
Age | 0.92 [0.89–0.96] | < 0.001 ** | 0.94 [0.89–0.99] | 0.043 * | 0.92 [0.89–0.96] | < 0.001 ** | 0.97 [0.92–1.03] | 0.348 |
Duration of residence in Japan | 0.96 [0.90–1.02] | 0.16 | 1.08 [0.99–1.17] | 0.084 | 0.92 [0.86–0.97] | 0.005 ** | 1.03 [0.95–1.12] | 0.441 |
Sex | ||||||||
Female | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||||
Male | 1.02 [0.73–1.43] | 0.92 | 0.92 [0.63–1.34] | 0.656 | 1.26 [0.92–1.73] | 0.156 | 1.09 [0.76–1.57] | 0.64 |
Marital status | ||||||||
Married | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||||
Single, divorced, or bereaved | 0.45 [0.28–0.72] | 0.001 ** | 1.61 [0.90–2.88] | 0.109 | 2.31 [1.52–3.50] | < 0.001 ** | 1.72 [1.01–2.93] | 0.044 * |
Visa status | ||||||||
Residence based on status and position | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||||
Residence based on employment | 3.93 [1.16–13.24] | 0.03 * | 2.46 [0.56–10.82] | 0.233 | 5.09 [1.73–14.96] | 0.003 ** | 2.51 [0.67–9.37] | 0.172 |
Japanese language proficiency | ||||||||
Ability to speak well/to some extent | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||||
Barely able to speak | 0.80 [0.44–1.44] | 0.45 | 1.01 [0.50–2.00] | 0.99 | 0.71 [0.41–1.23] | 0.218 | 0.78 [0.40–1.53] | 0.474 |
Education level | ||||||||
College, University, or higher | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||||
Technical school | 1.35 [0.86–2.14] | 0.192 | 1.16 [0.71–1.91] | 0.549 | 1.23 [0.80–1.88] | 0.354 | 1.05 [0.66–1.69] | 0.831 |
High school or lower | 1.54 [1.05–2.26] | 0.027 * | 0.94 [0.59–1.49] | 0.784 | 1.83 [1.28–2.62] | 0.001 ** | 1.20 [0.77–1.86] | 0.423 |
Pre-existing health conditions | ||||||||
No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||||
Yes | 2.37 [1.60–3.51] | < 0.001 ** | 2.46 [1.61–3.76] | < 0.001 ** | 2.51 [1.69–3.73] | < 0.001 ** | 2.52 [1.63–3.88] | < 0.001 ** |
Subjective socioeconomic status | ||||||||
General or better | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||||
Difficult or very difficult | 2.80 [1.93–4.07] | < 0.001 ** | 2.47 [1.64–3.71] | < 0.001 ** | 3.18 [2.26–4.48] | < 0.001 ** | 2.72 [1.87–3.97] | < 0.001 ** |
COVID-19 infection rate in the area of residence | ||||||||
Low | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.654 | |||
Middle | 0.84 [0.56–1.26] | 0.399 | 0.97 [0.62–1.52] | 0.895 | 0.72 [0.49–1.05] | 0.088 | 0.83 [0.54–1.27] | 0.391 |
High | 1.08 [0.70–1.66] | 0.724 | 1.11 [0.70–1.77] | 0.663 | 0.94 [0.62–1.41] | 0.762 | 0.96 [0.61–1.51] | 0.859 |
Partner with whom to discuss one’s health | ||||||||
Yes | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||||
No | 1.63 [1.11–2.38] | 0.013 * | 1.23 [0.81–1.88] | 0.339 | 2.16 [1.51–3.09] | < 0.001 ** | 1.66 [1.11–2.47] | 0.013 * |