Table 1 Detailed characteristics of the included studies in the present systematic review and meta-analysis (2016–2020)
No. | References | Country | Province/city | Time of data collection | Sample type | Method | Sample size | Positive no | Quality assessment score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Awosolu, 2020 [56] | Nigeria | Osun and Kwara | 2012 | Urine | Filtrations and microscopic examination | 258 | 122 | 5 |
2 | Olayinka, 2020 [112] | Nigeria | Ogun | 2015–2017 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 280 | 42 | 6 |
3 | Awosolu, 2019 [55] | Nigeria | Ikota | 2015 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 74 | 20 | 7 |
4 | Otuneme, 2019 [118] | Nigeria | Ogun | 2017 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 47 | 39 | 5 |
5 | Muhammad, 2019 [101] | Nigeria | Sokoto | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 107 | 47 | 5 |
6 | Sule, 2019 [129] | Nigeria | Kano | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 56 | 0 | 6 |
7 | Idris, 2019 [87] | Nigeria | New-Bussa | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 24 | 2 | 7 |
8 | Geraji, 2019 [81] | Nigeria | Jalingo | 2019 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 86 | 13 | 7 |
9 | Adamu, 2019 [36] | Nigeria | Kaduna | 2017 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 136 | 4 | 7 |
10 | Ngwamah, 2019 [105] | Nigeria | Adamawa | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 679 | 141 | 7 |
11 | Aribodor, 2019 [51] | Nigeria | Enugu | 2016 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 121 | 17 | 7 |
12 | Sobande, 2019 [128] | Nigeria | Ogun | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 84 | 40 | 6 |
13 | Obisike, 2019 [110] | Nigeria | Benue | 2017 | Urine | Membrane filtration and (sedimentation) microscopic examination | 84 | 20 | 5 |
14 | Ahmed, 2019 [40] | Nigeria | Katsina | NR | Urine | (sedimentation) Microscopic examination | 68 | 15 | 6 |
15 | Aderibigbe, 2019 [37] | Nigeria | Kwara | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 883 | 293 | 7 |
16 | Noriode, 2018 [106] | Nigeria | Edo | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 109 | 75 | 5 |
17 | Bishop, 2016 [164] | Nigeria | Kaduna | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 92 | 5 | 6 |
18 | Mohammed, 2018 [95] | Nigeria | Sokoto | 2016 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 51 | 18 | 5 |
19 | Akinneye, 2018 [43] | Nigeria | Ondo | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 202 | 22 | 5 |
20 | Alabi, 2018 [46] | Nigeria | Ogun | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 73 | 36 | 6 |
21 | Damen, 2018 [68] | Nigeria | Plateau | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 7 | 1 | 6 |
22 | Yauba, 2018 [138] | Nigeria | Maiduguri | 2014–2015 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 180 | 113 | 7 |
23 | Abdulkareem, 2018 [34] | Nigeria | Kwara | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 309 | 131 | 7 |
24 | Oladeinde, 2018 [111] | Nigeria | Edo | 2014 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 98 | 8 | 6 |
25 | Ebong, 2018 [70] | Nigeria | Akwa Ibom | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 199 | 5 | 7 |
26 | Akeju Adebayo, 2018 [42] | Nigeria | Ondo | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 1022 | 441 | 5 |
27 | Oluwole, 2018 [114] | Nigeria | Ogun | 2013 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 1034 | 43 | 6 |
28 | Adewale, 2018 [38] | Nigeria | Ondo | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 190 | 44 | 6 |
29 | Nwachukwu, 2018 [107] | Nigeria | Imo | 2014–2016 | Urine | Test strip and filtration | 1125 | 57 | 7 |
30 | Nwachukwu, 2018 [108] | Nigeria | Ebonyi | 2016–2017 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 254 | 8 | 7 |
31 | Duwa, 2018 [69] | Nigeria | Kano | 2018 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 105 | 8 | 5 |
32 | Babagana, 2018 [57] | Nigeria | Borno | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 180 | 31 | 7 |
33 | Mohammed, 2018 [94] | Nigeria | Kebbi | 2016 | Urine | (Filtration) Microscopic examination | 81 | 16 | 5 |
34 | Oluwole, 2018 [114] | Nigeria | Ogun | NR | Urine and vainal lavage | Microscopic and gynecologic examination | 317 | 149 | 6 |
35 | Kenneth, 2017 [92] | Nigeria | Edo | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 76 | 6 | 7 |
36 | Birma, 2017 [61] | Nigeria | Adamawa | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 90 | 42 | 5 |
37 | Amoo, 2017 [47] | Nigeria | Ogun | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 160 | 61 | 6 |
38 | Paul, 2017 [119] | Nigeria | Cross River | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 140 | 24 | 5 |
39 | Orpin, 2017 [116] | Nigeria | Katsina | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 145 | 12 | 5 |
40 | Ekanem, 2017 [71] | Nigeria | South-South | 2011 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 177 | 27 | 6 |
41 | Akpan, 2017 [45] | Nigeria | Cross River | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 208 | 34 | 7 |
42 | Elom, 2017 [73] | Nigeria | Ebonyi | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 147 | 33 | 7 |
43 | Akpan, 2017 [44] | Nigeria | Cross River | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 122 | 1 | 7 |
44 | Abubakar, 2017 [35] | Nigeria | Jigawa | 2015 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 65 | 46 | 7 |
45 | Dalhat, 2017 [67] | Nigeria | Sokoto | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 140 | 41 | 7 |
46 | Emmanuel, 2017 [75] | Nigeria | Benue | 2014 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 207 | 77 | 6 |
47 | Wokem, 2017 [135] | Nigeria | Abia | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 570 | 215 | 7 |
48 | Anorue, 2017 [49] | Nigeria | Ebonyi | 2002–2003 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 1367 | 640 | 6 |
49 | Orpin, 2016 [117] | Nigeria | Benue | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 104 | 8 | 7 |
50 | Onile, 2016 [115] | Nigeria | Eggua | 2012–2013 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 178 | 45 | 7 |
51 | Houmsou, 2016 [86] | Nigeria | Taraba | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 529 | 231 | 5 |
52 | Goodhead, 2016 [83] | Nigeria | River | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 76 | 17 | 7 |
53 | Usman, 2016 [133] | Nigeria | Bauchi | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 300 | 58 | 7 |
54 | Dahesh, 2016 [66] | Nigeria | Giza | 2016 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 582 | 12 | 7 |
55 | Igbeneghu, 2016 [88] | Nigeria | Osun | 2016 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 154 | 60 | 7 |
56 | Nafiu, 2016 [104] | Nigeria | Niger | 2016 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 97 | 9 | 6 |
57 | Abah, 2016 [33] | Nigeria | River | 2016 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 184 | 23 | 5 |
58 | Umar, 2016 [132] | Nigeria | Kano | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 20 | 9 | 5 |
59 | Atalabi, 2016 [52] | Nigeria | Katsina | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 240 | 14 | 6 |
60 | Houmsou, 2016 [86] | Nigeria | Taraba | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 510 | 3 | 7 |
61 | Nwibari, 2016 [165] | Nigeria | Plateau | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 134 | 6 | 5 |
62 | Omoruyi, 2016 [166] | Nigeria | Edo | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 77 | 4 | 6 |
63 | Morenikeji, 2016 [99] | Nigeria | Ogun | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 79 | 60 | 6 |
64 | Bashir, 2016 [60] | Nigeria | Jigawa | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 31 | 2 | 7 |
65 | Ganau, 2016 [79] | Nigeria | Sokoto | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 58 | 24 | 5 |
66 | Musa, 2016 [102] | Nigeria | Kaduna | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 131 | 13 | 6 |
67 | Ajakaye, 2016 [41] | Nigeria | Ondo | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 404 | 50 | 7 |
68 | Mong, 2016 [98] | Nigeria | Abia | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 129 | 13 | 7 |
69 | Atalabi, 2016 [53] | Nigeria | Katsina | 2015 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 317 | 23 | 6 |
70 | Oluwatoyin, 2016 [113]* | Nigeria | Ibadan | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 507 | 1 | 7 |
71 | Oluwatoyin, 2016 [113] | Nigeria | Ibadan | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 507 | 28 | 6 |
72 | Bishop, 2016 [63] | Nigeria | Kaduna | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 251 | 39 | 5 |
73 | Maki, 2020 [93] | Sudan | Darfur | 2018 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 55 | 39 | 6 |
74 | Qutoof, 2019 [122] | Sudan | Khartoum | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 589 | 2 | 5 |
75 | Elsiddig, 2019 [74] | Sudan | White Nile | 2011 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 162 | 67 | 6 |
76 | Hajissa, 2018 [85] | Sudan | Khartoum | 2017–2018 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 95 | 11 | 6 |
77 | Mohammed, 2018 [96] | Sudan | White Nile | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 175 | 97 | 7 |
78 | Talab, 2018 [167] | Sudan | White Nile | 2014 | Urine | (Filtration) Microscopic examination | 174 | 97 | 5 |
79 | Sulieman, 2017 [130] | Sudan | River Nile | 2016 | Urine | (Sedimentation) Microscopic examination | 191 | 1 | 6 |
80 | Sabah Alzain Mohamed, 2017 [124] | Sudan | El khiar | 2016 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 76 | 7 | 5 |
81 | Afifi, 2016 [39] | Sudan | Kassala | 2013 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 1238 | 172 | 6 |
82 | Elhusein, 2016 [72] | Sudan | Gezira | 2016 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 29 | 0 | 7 |
83 | Shukla, 2019 [126] | South Africa | KwaZulu-Natal | 2011–2013 | Urine and cervico-vaginal lavage | Microscopic examination | 933 | 256 | 5 |
84 | Galappaththi-Arachchige, 2018 [78] | South Africa | KwaZulu-Natal | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 1123 | 292 | 5 |
85 | Kabuyaya, 2017 [89] | South Africa | uMkhanyakude | 2015 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 199 | 73 | 7 |
86 | Galappaththi-Arachchige, 2016[168] | south Africa | KwaZulu-Natal | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 883 | 270 | 6 |
87 | Pillay, 2016 [169] | South Africa | KwaZulu-Natal | 2010–2012 | vaginal lavages and Urine | PCR | 394 | 38 | 7 |
88 | South Africa | KwaZulu-Natal | 2010–2012 | Urine | PCR | 394 | 91 | 7 | |
89 | South Africa | KwaZulu-Natal | 2010–2012 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 394 | 78 | 7 | |
90 | Fokuo, 2020 [76] | Ghana | Asutsuare | 2014 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 59 | 8 | 6 |
91 | Arhin-Wiredu, 2019 [50] | Ghana | Akyemansa | 2014 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 161 | 10 | 6 |
92 | Nyarko, 2018 [109] | Ghana | different municipal-ities | 2016 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 173 | 7 | 6 |
93 | Boye, 2016 [65] | Ghana | Apewosika and Putubiw | 2013 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 114 | 16 | 5 |
94 | Wilkinson, 2018 [134] | Malawi | Lilongwe | 2013 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 96 | 2 | 6 |
95 | Kayuni, 2017 [91] | Malawi | Mangochi | 2012 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 226 | 29 | 6 |
96 | Moyo, 2016 [100] | Malawi | Nkhotakota | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 51 | 6 | 6 |
97 | Yameny, 2018 [137] | Egypt | El-Fayoum | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 487 | 33 | 7 |
98 | Ghieth, 2017 [82] | Egypt | Beni Suef | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 220 | 0 | 5 |
99 | Kaiglova, 2020 [90] | Kenya | Kwale | 2018 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 323 | 47 | 5 |
100 | Mutsaka-Makuvaza, 2019 [103] | Zimbabwe | Mashonaland | 2010 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 569 | 96 | 6 |
101 | Woldegerima, 2019 [136] | Ethiopia | Sanja | 2017–2018 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 189 | 53 | 7 |
102 | Phillips, 2018 [120] | Mozambique | Cabo Delgado | 2011 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 7538 | 4372 | 7 |
103 | Gbalegba, 2017 [80] | Mauritania | Kaedi | 2014–2015 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 1064 | 54 | 6 |
104 | Simoonga, 2017 [127] | Zambia | Lusaka | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 954 | 83 | 7 |
105 | Balahbib, 2017 [58] | Morocco | Tata | 2015 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 13 | 0 | 6 |
106 | Anchang-Kimbi, 2017 [48] | Cameroon | Mount Cameroon | 2014 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 250 | 117 | 7 |
107 | Mombo-Ngoma, 2017 [97] | Gabon | Lambarene | 2009–2013 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 1115 | 103 | 7 |
108 | Greter, 2016 [84] | Chad | Chad | NR | Urine | (Filtration) Microscopic examination | 96 | 1 | 7 |
109 | Botelho, 2016 [64] | Guinea-Bissau | Guinea-Bissau | NR | Urine | Microscopic examination | 43 | 8 | 6 |
111 | Senghor, 2016 [125] | Senegal | Niakhar | 2011–2014 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 320 | 149 | 5 |
111 | Rasomanamihaja, 2016 [123] | Madagascar | Madagascar | 2015 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 1043 | 325 | 5 |
112 | Bangura, 2016 [59] | Sierra Leon | Korwama and Lewabu | 2015 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 86 | 32 | 7 |
113 | Zida, 2016 [139] | Burkina Faso | Bazega | 2013 | Urine | Microscopic examination | 151 | 7 | 7 |