Table 2 Patient characteristics and association with eye examination
Variable | Summary of participants characteristics | Retinal exam last 12Â months | Retinal exam ever | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) Mean (SD) | Had eye exam | No eye exam | p value | Had eye exam | No eye exam | p value | |
Number (%) in each category | 270 | 36 (13.3%) | 234 (86.3%) | Â | 69 (25.6) | 201 (74.4) | Â |
Number (%) by county | Â | Â | Â | 0.07 | Â | Â | 0.002 |
 Kirinyaga | 90 | 6 (6.7%) | 84 (93.3%) |  | 11 (12.2) | 79 (87.8) |  |
 Nairobi | 89 | 14 (15.7%) | 75 (84.3%) |  | 29 (32.6) | 60 (67.4) |  |
 Nakuru | 91 | 16(17.6%) | 75 (82.4%) |  | 29 (31.9) | 62 (68.1) |  |
Age (mean years, SD) | 53.3 (14.1) | 57.1 (11.7) | 52.7 (14.4) | 0.08 | 60.5 (13.8) | 50.8 (13.4) | < 0.0001 |
Sex (no. %) | Â | Â | Â | 0.7 | Â | Â | 0.5 |
 Men | 127 (47%) | 18 (14.2) | 109 (85.8) |  | 35 (27.6) | 92 (72.4) |  |
 Women | 144 (53%) | 18 (12.5) | 126 (87.5) |  |  |  |  |
Literacy | Â | Â | Â | 0.3 | Â | Â | 0.05 |
 Primary or below | 88 (32.8%) | 13 (14.8) | 75 (85.2) |  | 30 (34.1) | 58 (65.9) |  |
 Secondary | 111 (41.4%) | 11 (9.9) | 100 (90.1) |  | 21 (18.9) | 90 (81.1) |  |
 Post-secondary | 69 (25.8%) | 12 (17.4 | 57 (82.6) |  | 18 (26.1) | 51 (73.9) |  |
Occupation | Â | Â | Â | 0.4 | Â | Â | 0.014 |
 Unemployed | 70 (25.9%) | 6 (3.6) | 64 (91.4) |  | 19 (27.1) | 51 (72.9) |  |
 Low skilled | 70 (25.9%) | 9 (12.9) | 61 (87.1) |  | 14 (20) | 56 (80) |  |
 Professional | 90 (33.3%) | 13 (14.4) | 77 (85.6) |  | 18 (20) | 72 (80) |  |
 Retired | 40 (33.3%) | 8 (20) | 32 (80) |  | 18 (45) | 22 (55) |  |
Duration of diabetes (mean years, SD) | 7.3 (5.5) | 8.9 (4.5) | 7.1 (5.6) | 0.06 | 9.4 (5.5) | 6.6 (5.3) | 0.0002 |
Interval of diabetes clinic visits (months) | 4.0 (1.5) | 4.3 (1.3) | 4.0 (1.5) | 0.4 | 4.3 (1.4) | 3.9 (1.5) | 0.08 |
Referred for eye examination |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 66 (24.4%) | 23 (34.9) | 43 (65) |  | 47 (68.1) | 19 (28.8) |  |
 No | 204 (75.6%) | 13 (6.4) | 191 (93.6) |  | 22 (10.7)) | 182 (89.2) |  |
Perceived level of glucose control | Â | Â | Â | 0.02 | Â | Â | 0.4 |
 Very good | 10 (3.7%) | 0 | 10 (100) |  | 2 (20) | 8 (80) |  |
 Well | 73 (27%) | 17 (23.3) | 56 (76.7) |  | 23 (31.5) | 50 (68.5) |  |
 Adequate | 107 (39.6%) | 9 (8.4) | 98 (91.6) |  | 24 (22.4) | 83 (77.6) |  |
 Poor | 68 (25.2%) | 10 (14.7) | 58 (85.3) |  | 19 (27.9) | 49 (72.1) |  |
 Very poor | 12 (4.4%) | 0 | 12 (100) |  | 1 (8.3) | 11 (91.7) |  |
Diabetes in family member | Â | Â | Â | 0.8 | Â | Â | 0.6 |
 Yes | 64 (23.7%) | 8 (12.5) | 56 (87.5) |  | 18 (28.1) | 46 (71.9) |  |
 No | 206 (76.3%) | 28 (13.6) | 178 (86.4) |  |  |  |  |
Information on diabetes given at health facility | Â | Â | Â | 0.3 | Â | Â | 0.8 |
 Yes | 205 (75.9%) | 30 (14.6) | 175 (85.4) |  | 53 (25.9) | 152 (74.2) |  |
 No | 65 (24.1%) | 6 (9.2) | 59 (90.8) |  | 16 (24.6) | 49 (75.4) |  |
Knowledge of diabetes complications | Â | Â | Â | 0.4 | Â | Â | 0.9 |
 Yes | 103 (38.1%) | 16 (15.5) | 87 (84.5) |  | 26 (25.2) | 77 (74.8) |  |
 No | 167 (61.9%) | 20 (12) | 146 (88) |  | 43 (25.8) | 124 (74.3) |  |
Knowledge of diabetes eye complications | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 | Â | Â | 0.001 |
 Yes | 150 (55.6%) | 29 (19.3) | 121 (80.7) |  | 50 (33.3) | 100 (66.7) |  |
 No | 120 (44.4%) | 7 (5.8) | 113 (94.2) |  | 19 (15.8) | 101 (84.2) |  |
Comorbid hypertension | Â | Â | Â | 0.02 | Â | Â | 0.04 |
 Yes | 101 (37.4%) | 20 (19.8) | 81 (80.2) |  | 33 (32.7) | 68 (67.3) |  |
 No | 169 (62.6%) | 16 (9.5) | 153 (90.5) |  | 36 (21.3) | 133 (78.7) |  |
Opinion on need for an eye examination |  |  |  | P < 0.001 |  |  | P < 0.001 |
 No need | 51 (18.9%) | 1 (2.0) | 50 (98) |  | 6 (11.8) | 45 (88.2) |  |
 Only for ocular symptoms | 115 (42.6%) | 15 (13) | 100 (87) |  | 27 (23.5) | 88 (76.5) |  |
 Acceptable | 80 (29.6%) | 13 (16.3) | 67 (83.8) |  | 25 (28.8) | 57 (71.3) |  |
 Already doing it | 9 (3.3%) | 5 (55.6) | 4 (44.4) |  | 9 (100) | 0 |  |
 Other opinion | 15 (5.6%) | 13 (13.3) | 2 (86.7) |  | 4 (26.7) | 11 (73.3) |  |