Toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in Iranian women and risk factors of the disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 4 Risk factors associated to seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women group

Demographic factors	Total individuals	Positive cases	Pooled estimation (%)	I ²	P value^a
Age					0.004
≤30 years	5332	2041	34 (95% CI = 26 to 43)	97.69
>30 years	1414	772	53 (95% CI = 45 to 61)	87.70
Contact with cat					0.005
Yes	1779	787	44 (95% CI = 36 to 52)	89.17
No	2410	716	27 (95% CI = 20 to 34)	92.53
Contact with soil					0.92
Yes	63	27	42 (95% CI = 30 to 54)	92.72
No	929	310	33 (95% CI = 30 to 36)	92.72
Meat consumption					0.4
Undercooked	1450	603	41 (95% CI = 28 to 53)	95.05
Cooked	1814	645	35 (95% CI = 29 to 42)	88.62
Raw vegetable/fruit consumption					0.46
Yes	1463	570	39 (95% CI = 25 to 54)	96.90
No	520	164	31 (95% CI = 26 to 36)	29.12
Washing vegetable/fruit					0.64
Water	847	358	39 (95% CI = 21 to 58)	96.85
Antiseptic	602	212	34 (95% CI = 23 to 47)	88.09
Residence					0.55
Rural	1796	762	47 (95% CI = 38 to 55)	91.72
Urban	2361	1017	43 (95% CI = 34 to 52)	94.57
Occupational group					0.94
Employee	143	68	47 (95% CI = 35 to 59)	48.56
Housewife	1359	594	47 (95% CI = 39 to 55)	86.58
Educational status					0.67
Illiterate	329	108	34 (95% CI = 25 to 44)	63.80
Junior/senior	1617	665	39 (95% CI = 32 to 47)	88.35
High school/diploma	1410	457	31 (95% CI = 26 to 36)	73.55
University	493	189	36 (95% CI = 27 to 45)	76.63
Gestation age					0.001
1st trimester	570	258	46 (95% CI = 40 to 51)	46.05
2nd trimester	491	192	39 (95% CI = 35 to 43)	0
3rd trimester	594	193	32 (95% CI = 29 to 36)	0
Number of pregnancy					0.42
Null gravid	363	143	41 (95% CI = 23 to 61)	92.76
Multi-gravid	452	228	53 (95% CI = 36 to 69)	92.16
History of abortion					0.22
Yes	4285	1666	44 (95% CI = 37 to 50)	94.60
No	3058	1170	38 (95% CI = 32 to 44)	90.93