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Table 3 Association between baseline characteristics and PCR positivity and seropositivity: univariable logistic regression

From: SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and infection rate in Manila, Philippines prior to national vaccination program implementation: a repeated cross-sectional analysis

Variables

Total

PCR positive

Seropositive

n (%)

OR (95% CI)

p value

n (%)

OR (95% CI)

p value

Enrollment period

 First

115

9 (7.8)

Reference

0.064

13 (11.3)

Reference

 < 0.001

 Second

158

10 (6.3)

0.80 (0.31, 2.03)

74 (46.8)

6.91 (3.59, 13.32)

 Third

174

5 (2.9)

0.35 (0.11, 1.07)

80 (46.0)

6.68 (3.49, 12.79)

 Fourth

168

16 (9.5)

1.24 (0.53, 2.91)

75 (44.6)

6.32 (3.30, 12.15)

Sex

 Female

342

20 (5.8)

Reference

0.462

140 (40.9)

Reference

0.367

 Male

273

20 (7.3)

1.27 (0.67, 2.42)

102 (37.4)

0.86 (0.62, 1.19)

Age

 Below 18

57

7 (12.3)

2.47 (0.98, 6.20)

0.169

24 (42.1)

1.08 (0.61, 1.90)

0.716

 18–39

335

18 (5.4)

Reference

135 (40.3)

Reference

 40–49

114

8 (7.0)

1.32 (0.56, 3.15)

44 (38.6)

0.93 (0.60, 1.44)

 50–59

80

3 (3.8)

0.69 (0.20, 2.39)

31 (38.8)

0.94 (0.57, 1.55)

 60 and above

29

4 (13.8)

2.82 (0.89, 8.97)

8 (27.6)

0.56 (0.24, 1.31)

Post-secondary educationa

 Yes

416

23 (5.5)

0.65 (0.34, 1.26)

0.210

143 (34.4)

0.53 (0.38, 0.76)

0.001

 No

194

16 (8.2)

Reference

96 (49.5)

Reference

Frontline workera

 Yes

205

20 (9.8)

1.97 (1.03, 3.75)

0.041

94 (45.9)

1.41 (1.00, 1.99)

0.050

 No

384

20 (5.2)

Reference

144 (37.5)

Reference

Monthly household income (PHP)a

 > 20,000

76

5 (6.6)

0.96 (0.36, 2.58)

0.935

17 (30.4)

0.43 (0.24, 0.76)

0.002

 ≤ 20,000

395

27 (6.8)

Reference

159 (40.3)

Reference

Any medical comorbiditya

 Yes

120

7 (5.8)

0.86 (0.37, 2.00)

0.725

37 (30.8)

0.63 (0.41, 0.96)

0.031

 No

492

33 (6.7)

Reference

204 (41.5)

Reference

Regular smoking

 Yes

63

3 (4.8)

0.70 (0.21, 2.33)

0.537

24 (38.1)

0.94 (0.55, 1.61)

0.829

 No

552

37 (6.7)

Reference

218 (39.5)

Reference

Regular alcoholic beverage drinking

 Yes

30

2 (6.7)

1.03 (0.24, 4.48)

0.971

16 (53.3)

1.82 (0.87, 3.79)

0.113

 No

585

38 (6.5)

Reference

226 (38.6)

Reference

Household sizea

 > 4 persons

337

30 (8.9)

2.57 (1.23, 5.36)

0.008

140 (41.5)

1.21 (0.87, 1.68)

0.253

 ≤ 4 persons

273

10 (3.7)

Reference

101 (37.0)

Reference

Exposure to person with respiratory symptomsa

 Yes

45

6 (13.3)

2.48 (0.98, 6.28)

0.078

16 (35.6)

0.83 (0.44, 1.57)

0.570

 No

565

33 (5.8)

Reference

225 (39.8)

Reference

Exposure to COVID-19 confirmed or suspected personsa

 Yes

15

1 (6.7)

1.01 (0.13, 7.90)

0.990

5 (33.3)

0.76 (0.26, 2.27)

0.624

 No

592

39 (6.6)

Reference

234 (39.5)

Reference

Regular mask wearinga

 In public

588

37 (6.3)

Reference

0.327

232 (39.5)

Reference

0.538

 At home and in public

21

2 (9.5)

1.57 (0.35, 6.99)

7 (33.3)

0.77 (0.31, 1.93)

 No

3

1 (33.3)

7.45 (0.66, 84.02)

2 (66.7)

3.07 (0.28, 34.04)

Adherence to social distancing at homea

 Yes

245

16 (6.5)

1.00 (0.52, 1.92)

0.990

92 (37.6)

0.88 (0.63, 1.22)

0.433

 No

366

24 (6.6)

Reference

149 (40.7)

Reference

Regular handwashinga

 Always

590

39 (6.6)

Reference

0.220

229 (38.8)

Reference

0.686

 Sometimes

17

0

–

8 (47.1)

1.40 (0.53, 3.68)

 Rarely

6

1 (16.7)

2.83 (0.32, 24.78)

3 (50.0)

1.58 (0.32, 7.88)

  1. p values in bold indicate statistically significant logistic regression results based on likelihood ratio test
  2. aMissing data, n(%): post-secondary education—5 (0.8), frontline status—26 (4.2), household income—144 (23.4), comorbidity—3 (0.5), household size—5 (0.8), exposure to symptomatic person—5 (0.8), exposure to confirmed or suspected case—8 (1.3), mask wearing—3 (0.5), social distancing—4 (0.7), handwashing—2 (0.3)
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Tropical Medicine and Health

ISSN: 1349-4147

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