Skip to main content

Table 3 Multi-level analysis of factors associated with deworming among children aged 24–59 months in SSA

From: Deworming among preschool age children in sub-Saharan Africa: pooled prevalence and multi-level analysis

Variables

Categories

Null model

aModel 1

AOR [95% CI]

Model 2

AOR [95% CI]

Model 3

AOR [95% CI]

Age of women (years)

15–19

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

20–35

 

1.15 [1.11, 1.19]

–

1.15 [1.11, 1.18]*

36–49

 

1.31 [1.27, 1.36]

–

1.30 [1.26, 1.35]*

Educational attainment of women

No education

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

Primary education

 

1.95 [1.89, 2.00]***

–

1.95 [1.89, 2.00]*

Secondary and above

 

2.20 [2.12, 2.27]***

–

2.18 [2.10, 2.26]**

Occupation of women

Not worked

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

Worked

 

1.30 [1.27, 1.35]

-

1.31 [1.27, 1.34]***

Household family size

1–4

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

5–10

 

0.92 [0.90, 0.95]

–

0.93 [0.89, 0.96]*

≥ 11

 

0.67 [0.64, 0.70]

–

0.68 [0.64, 0.70]**

Media exposure

No

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

Yes

 

1.17 [1.14, 1.20]***

–

1.16 [1.13, 1.19]**

Wealth index

Poorer

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

Middle

 

1.09 [1.05, 1.13]*

–

0.92 [0.71, 1.17]

Richer

 

1.26 [1.22, 1.30]***

–

1.23 [1.16, 1.27]*

Sex of child

Male

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

Female

 

0.98 [0.95, 1.00]

–

0.98 [0.95, 1.01]

Age of child

24–35 months

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

36–47 months

 

0.99[0.96, 1.02]

–

0.99[0.96, 1.02]

48–59 months

 

1.00[0.97,1.03]

 

1.01[0.97,1.03]

Vitamin A

No

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

Yes

 

6.16 [6.01, 6.32]***

–

6.18 [6.02, 6.33]***

Diarrhea

No

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

Yes

 

1.16 [1.13, 1.21]*

–

1.17 [1.12, 1.21]**

Community-level variables

Income level of the country

Lower-income

  

Ref.

Ref.

Lower middle

 

–

1.02 [1.55, 1.04]

0.95[0.92,0.99]

Upper middle

 

–

0.99[0.94,1.04]

1.95 [0.88, 1.02]

Survey year

< 2015

  

Ref.

Ref.

≥ 2015

 

–

0.97 [0.95, 0.99]

0.99[0.96, 1.03]

Residence

Urban

  

Ref.

Ref.

Rural

 

–

0.66 [0.64, 0.67]*

0.94 [0.92, 0.98]**

Region

Central Africa

  

Ref.

Ref.

East Africa

 

–

1.02 [0.98,1.06]

0.95 [0.90,1.00]

West Africa

 

–

1.03 [0.99, 1.07]

0.97 [0.90, 1.00]

Southern Africa

 

–

1.00 [0.93, 1.08]

1.01 [0.92, 1.12]

Random effect

 

Variance

0.33

0.24

0.30

0.23

ICC

0.10

0.07

0.08

0.06

MOR

1.50

1.26

1.41

1.24

PCV

Ref.

37.5%

10.0%

43.5%

Model comparison

 

Deviance

130,830

80,065

129,948

80,000

 

Mean VIF

–

1.50

1.62

1.87

  1. AOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval, ICC inter cluster correlation coefficient, MOR median odds ratio, PCV proportional change in variance, VIF variance inflation factors
  2. *P value < 0.05
  3. **P value < 0.01
  4. ***P value < 0.001