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Table 2 Characteristics of the selected studies

From: Global prevalence of polypharmacy among the COVID-19 patients: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

First author

Year of publication

Country

Definition of polypharmacy

Study design

Participants

Mean age (SD)

Patients with poly pharmacy

BaÄŸ SoytaÅŸ [19]

2021

Turkey

≥ 5

Retrospective study

218

75.3

108

Bayrak [20]

2022

Turkey

≥ 5

Prospective study

122

73

59

Cantudo-Cuenca [21]

2021

Spain

≥ 5

observational study

174

67

92

Carrillo-Garcia [22]

2021

Spain

≥ 5

Longitudinal study

165

88.5

112

Couderc [23]

2021

France

≥ 5

Retrospective study

480

88

348

Crescioli [17]

2021

Italy

> 5

Case series

23

76.1 (14.40)

16

De Smet [24]

2020

Belgium

≥ 5

Retrospective study

81

85

52

Gavin et al. [25]

2020

America

≥ 5

Retrospective chart review

140

60

NR

Kananen et al. [26]

2021

Sweden

≥ 5

observational study

1409

83(12)

NR

Klanidhi [27]

2022

India

≥ 5

Prospective study

60

68.76

23

Laosa [28]

2020

Spain

≥ 5

Prospective study

375

66.06

77

Lim et al. [29]

2021

Singapore

≥ 4

Observational study

275

59 (54–66)

73

Lozano-Montoya [30]

2021

Spain

≥ 5

Longitudinal study

300

86.3

213

Manjhi [31]

2021

India

≥ 5

Retrospective study

200

> 40

142

Mannucci [18]

2022

Italy

≥ 5

Observational study

48,148

NR

7464

McKeigue et al. [32]

2021

Scotland

≥ 5

Matched case control

4251

0–75, ≥ 75

NR

McQueenie et al. 1 [2]

2020

England

4–6

Retrospective study

1324

48–86

298

McQueenie et al. 2 [2]

2020

England

6–9

Retrospective study

1324

48–86

130

McQueenie et al. 3 [2]

2020

England

 > 10

Retrospective study

1324

48–86

72

Poblador-Plou [33]

2020

Spain

 ≥ 5

Retrospective study

4412

67.7

1429

Rodriguez-Sanchez [34]

2021

Spain

5_9

Cohort study

499

86.7

200

Rodriguez-Sanchez [34]

2021

Spain

 > 10

Cohort study

499

86.7

163

Sirois 1 [35]

2022

Canada

5–9

Population-based study

32,476

79.59

9579

Sirois 2 [35]

2022

Canada

10–14

Population-based study

32,476

79.59

8619

Sirois 3 [35]

2022

Canada

15–19

Population-based study

32,476

79.59

5009

Sirois 4 [35]

2022

Canada

≥ 20

Population-based study

32,476

79.59

3746

Sun et al. [36]

2020

China

≥ 5

Retrospective study

217

45.7 (16.6)

NR

Taher [37]

2020

Bahrain

≥ 5

Retrospective study

73

54

43