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Table 1 Demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of the study participants

From: Genetic variation in CSF2 (5q31.1) is associated with longitudinal susceptibility to pediatric malaria, severe malarial anemia, and all-cause mortality in a high-burden malaria and HIV region of Kenya

Characteristics

N

Total

Aparasitemic (MPS negative)

Non-SMA (Hb ≥ 5.0 g/dL)

SMA (Hb < 5.0 g/dL)

P

Number of participants

1654

335

1029

290

Sex [n, (%)]

 Female

1654

822 (49.70)

168 (50.15)

504 (48.98)

150 (51.72)

0.6991a

 Male

832 (50.30)

167 (49.85)

525 (51.02)

140 (48.28)

Study cohort [n, (%)]

 One (1)

1654

777 (46.98)

209 (62.39)

423 (41.11)

145 (50.00)

5.5311 × 10–11a

 Two (2)

877 (53.02)

126 (37.61)

606 (58.89)

145 (50.00)

 Age, months

1651

13.85 (8.14)

13.82 (8.67)

14.20 (7.88)

12.64 (8.34)

0.0152b

 Axillary temperature, °C

1636

37.67 (1.06)

37.27 (1.00)

37.80 (1.09)

37.69 (0.89)

1.442 × 10–14a

Hematological and parasitological parameters

 Hemoglobin, g/dL

1639

7.47 (2.51)

9.40 (2.63)

7.79 (1.82)

4.13 (0.73)

NA

 Hematocrit, %

1609

24.34 (7.72)

29.52 (80)

25.40 (5.76)

14.22 (3.88)

1.4732 × 10–174b

 White blood cells, × 103/µL

1602

13.40 (6.98)

13.06 (8.11)

12.77 (5.52)

16.16 (9.39)

4.3233 × 10–12b

 Mean corpuscular volume, fL

1603

70.10 (9.30)

69.87 (8.41)

68.89 (8.48)

74.90 (11.46)

7.9395 × 10–21b

 Parasite density, MPS/µL

1644

55,716.67 (111,089.67)

0.00 (0.00)

72,983.96 (124,507.30)

59,082.88 (103,946.74)

2.9626 × 10–25b

Endemic co-infections

 HIV1, [n (%)]

  Negative (0)

1641

1573 (95.86)

315 (96.04)

990 (96.49)

268 (93.38)

0.0729c

  Positive (1)

68 (4.14)

13 (3.96)

36 (3.51)

19 (6.62)

 Bacteremia

  Negative (0)

1639

1518 (92.62)

295 (90.77)

960 (93.57)

263 (91.32)

0.1583a

  Positive (1)

121 (7.38)

30 (9.23)

66 (6.43)

25 (8.68)

Genetic variants

 Sickle cell trait, n (%)

  Hb AA

1619

1358 (83.88)

252 (78.26)

848 (83.38)

258 (92.14)

1.9990 × 10–06d

  Hb AS

243 (15.01)

60 (18.63)

165 (16.22)

18 (6.43)

  Hb SS

18 (1.11)

10 (3.11)

4 (0.39)

4 (1.43)

 α+-Thalassemia deletion, n (%)

  αα/αα

1405

596 (42.42)

120 (43.96)

375 (42.86)

101 (39.30)

0.0433a

  -α3.7/αα

526 (37.44)

84 (30.77)

335 (38.29)

107 (41.63)

  -α3.7/-α3.7

283 (20.14)

69 (25.27)

165 (18.86)

49 (19.07)

  1. Data are presented as mean (standard deviation). Children (n = 1654) were categorized into aparasitemic controls (n = 335; no MPS) and according to the WHO definition of SMA [53], into either non-SMA (n = 1029; Hb ≥ 5.0 g/dL) or SMA (n = 290; Hb < 5.0 g/dL). MPS malaria parasites, HIV human immunodeficiency virus. aPearson’s Chi-squared test; bStudent’s t test cFisher’s exact test for count data; dFisher’s exact test for count data with simulated P-value (based on 5e + 05 replicates)