Table 3 Subgroup analysis regarding proportion of food hygiene practices among Ethiopia's food handlers (2012–2021)
Variables | Subgroup | No of included study | Sample size | Proportion Good food hygiene practice (95% CI) | Heterogeneity across the studies | Heterogeneity between group (p value) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I2 (%) | p value | ||||||
Region | Amhara | 12 | 4343 | 55.2 (43.4, 57.2) | 98.7 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |
Addis Ababa | 2 | 696 | 37.4 (17.6, 61.8) | 96.7 |  < 0.001 | ||
Oromia | 6 | 996 | 47.9 (27.2, 70.5) | 98.9 |  < 0.001 | ||
Tigray | 2 | 435 | 52.9 (48.2, 57.6) | 0 | 0.811 | ||
SNNPR | 1 | 383 | 32.6(27.9, 37.3) | 0 | Â | ||
Study area | City | 2 | 778 | 38.2 (17.0, 59.3) | 97.5 |  < 0.001 | 0.611 |
Town | 17 | 5415 | 49.9 (39.8, 60.1) | 98.6 |  < 0.001 | ||
University | 3 | 894 | 61.6 (31.2, 67.4) | 99.2 |  < 0.001 | ||
Prison | 1 | 66 | 51.5 (39.4, 63.6) | 0 | Â | ||
Sample size |  < 311 | 10 | 1879 | 51.8 (36.9, 66.8) | 98.1 |  < 0.001 | 0.809 |
≥311 | 13 | 4852 | 49.5 (37.8, 62.2) | 98.90 |  < 0.001 | ||
Sampling method | Census | 5 | 3059 | 54.0 (31.1, 77.0) | 98.9 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |
Simple random sampling | 15 | 5309 | 48.4 (37.5, 59.3) | 98.7 |  < 0.001 | ||
Systematic sampling | 3 | 752 | 55.3 (28.0, 72.7) | 98.4 |  < 0.001 | ||
Data collection method | Interview | 10 | 2682 | 50.0 (36.6, 63.4) | 98.3 |  < 0.001 | 0.806 |
Interview and observation | 10 | 3624 | 52.5 (37.4, 67.7) | 99.0 |  < 0.001 | ||
Observation | 3 | 847 | 45.5 (30.7, 60.4) | 94.7 |  < 0.001 | ||
Cutoff point used to categorize food hygiene practice |  ≥mean | 6 | 2398 | 47.3 (41.0, 53.6 | 90.0 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |
≥ 50% | 14 | 3942 | 53.4 (39.9, 66.8) | 99.0 |  < 0.001 | ||
Not reported | 3 | 813 | 43.5 (21.7, 65.3) | 97.7 |  < 0.001 | ||