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Table 2 Sub-group analysis by region, year of publication, year study, study population and risk of bias on pooled utilization of PITC in Ethiopia

From: Utilization of provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Sub-group analysis

Number of studies

Utilization of PITC

95% confidence interval

Heterogeneity (I2%)

P-value

Sub-group analysis by year of publication

 1. 2009–2012

8

72.1

60.40–83.82

98.5

P < 0.001

 2. 2013–2016

9

84.2

78.17–90.28

98.1

P < 0.001

 3. 2017–2021

8

79.6

73.47–84.20

95.0

P < 0.001

Sub-group analysis by year of study

 1. 2009–2012

13

78.34

70.69–85.99

99.0

P < 0.001

 2. 2013–2016

6

75.75

69.35–82.15

93.1

P < 0.001

 3. 2017–2019

6

83.23

78.08–88.37

92.1

P < 0.001

Sub-group analysis by regions of Ethiopia

 1. Amhara region

5

82.2

74.81–89.58

95.4

P < 0.001

 2. Oromia

10

82.5

76.16–90.34

98.4

P < 0.001

 3. Harari

2

76.5

64.89–88.01

93.4

P < 0.001

 4. Tigray

1

35.0

30.41–39.59

–

–

 5. Benishangul

2

80.8

77.88–83.81

0.0

P = 0.987

 6. Afar

1

79.9

66.12–75.68

–

–

 7. Addis Ababa

1

93.5

91.83–95.17

–

–

 8. Southern Nation Nationality Region of Ethiopia

3

73.4

61.49–85.31

95.4

P < 0.001

Sub-group population

 1. TB clinic clients

4

84.0

71.42–96.48

99.1

P < 0.001

 2. ANC clients

15

80.4

75.84–85.04

96.2

P < 0.001

 3. OPD clients

6

71.6

57.84–85.37

98.5

P < 0.001

Sub-group analysis by risk bias of studies

 1. High

9

84.5

73.41–93.57

99.0

P < 0.001

 2. Moderate

9

83.5

82.04–84.92

14.7

P = 0.315

 3. Low

7

71.9

66.71–77.34

93.5

P < 0.001