Table 2 Subgroup analysis of FUS prevalence according to year, country, type of sample, type of symptoms and diagnostic methods
Subgroup variable | Prevalence % (95% CI) | I2 (%) | Heterogeneity (Q) | P-value | Interaction test (X2) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | ||||||
2016 | 14.6 (11.3–18.6) | 96.3% | 1034.7 | < 0.01 | 375.3 | < 0.01 |
2017 | 17.5 (12–24.9) | 97.8% | 1055.2 | < 0.01 | ||
2018 | 19.0 (13.1–26.7) | 98.8% | 2179.6 | < 0.01 | ||
2019 | 21.7 (16.8–27.5) | 93.4% | 274.7 | < 0.01 | ||
2020 | 28.6 (13.1–51.6) | 97.1% | 138.2 | < 0.01 | ||
Country | ||||||
Ghana | 9.1 (6.8–12.2) | 73.46% | 11.31 | < 0.01 | ||
Malawi | 11.4 (0.8–15.4) | 70.62% | 6.81 | < 0.01 | ||
Nigeria | 21.1 (17.6–25.0) | 96.9% | 2337.91 | < 0.01 | ||
South Africa | 27.4 (25.6–29.2) | 92.53% | 80.36 | < 0.01 | ||
Sudan | 55.8 (43.9–67.1) | 97.59% | 374.17 | < 0.01 | 430.6 | < 0.01 |
Egypt | 1.7 (0.1–32.8) | 83.57 | 5.90 | < 0.01 | ||
Type of sample | ||||||
Urine | 17.2 (14.5–20.3) | 98.11% | 5949.4 | < 0.01 | 1285.2 | > 0.05 |
Vaginal lavage | 25.0 (11.4–46.1) | 98.2% | 110.40 | < 0.01 | ||
Type of symptoms | ||||||
Hematuria | 19.4 (12.2–29.4) | 92.33% | 52.19 | < 0.01 | 82.4 | < 0.01 |
Proteinuria | 13.6 (6.69–24.8) | – | 0.00 | = 1.00 | ||
Diagnostic method | ||||||
Direct microscopy | 17.1 (14.5–20.1) | 98.1% | 6013 | < 0.01 | 350.6 | < 0.01 |
Filtration and microscopy | 18.2 (5.9–43.9) | 99.1% | 563.1 | < 0.01 | ||
PCR | 15.3 (6.1–33.2) | 95.9% | 24.64 | < 0.01 | ||
Sedimentation and microscopy | 11.4 (3.6–30.9) | 96.6% | 59.5 | < 0.01 | ||