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Table 1 TB diagnosis in different animal species in Nepal

From: Insights into transmission dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in Nepal

Year

Location (Nepal)

Sample type

Sample size

Animal species

Necropsy

Phenotypic

Genotyping tools

Mycobacterium Spp.

References

2007–2010

Chitwan National Park,

Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve

Lung tissues

3

Asian Elephant

Granulomatous nodules in the lungs and bronchial lymph nodes with caseous foci

Culture in L-J,

Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing

Multiplex PCR,

Spoligotyping,

MLVA,

SNP analysis,

Drug resistance gene sequencing

M. tuberculosis

Paudel et al. [7]

2014

Captive Wild animal facility

Lung and extra pulmonary granulomatous lesions

2

Deer and

Blue bull

No details

Microscopy

Culture

DNA extraction

Spoligotyping

MIRU-VNTR

MLST

M. orygis

Thapa et al. [8]

2015

Chitwan National Park

Lung tissues

1

Greater-one-horned rhinoceros

Several granulomatous lesion observed in lungs with encapsulated and contained caseous necrotic material

Culture in L-J,

Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing

Spoligotyping,

MIRU-VNTR,

Multiplex PCR,

Region of difference

MLST

M. orygis

Thapa et al. [9]

2013

Chitwan National Park

Lung Tissues

2

Asian elephant

Tuberculous lesions in lungs

Culture in L-J,

Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing

Spoligotyping,

LSP,

Drug resistance gene sequencing

M. tuberculosis mixed infection Indo-Oceanic, East African– Indian (CAS-Delhi) lineages; Indo-Oceanic and East Asian (Beijing) lineages

Paudel et al. [10]

  1. MLVA, Multi-locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis; LSP, Large Sequence Polymorphisms