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Table 3 Perceived effectiveness, acceptance, and determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake decision-making by socio-demographic characteristics (n = 5260)

From: Hesitancy in COVID-19 vaccine uptake and its associated factors among the general adult population: a cross-sectional study in six Southeast Asian countries

Socio-demographic characteristics

Agreed that vaccines are effective to prevent and control COVID-19

Would accept COVID-19 vaccines when available

Believed that convenience is important for people to decide whether to accept vaccines

Believed that health providers’ advice is important for people to decide whether to accept vaccines

Believed that cost of the vaccines is important for people to decide whether to accept vaccines

Hesitant to receive COVID-19 vaccines

Sex

 Female

2088 (78.5)

2178 (81.9)

1991 (74.8)

2175 (81.8)

1615 (60.7)

1342 (50.4)

 Male

2183 (84.0)a

2240 (86.2)a

1985 (76.3)

2192 (84.3)a

1690 (65.0)a

1250 (48.1)

p value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.21

0.01

0.001

0.09

Residential area

 Rural

1187 (74.2)

1217 (76.1)

1016 (63.5)

1139 (71.2)

766 (47.9)

901 (56.3)a

 Urban

3084 (84.2)a

3201 (87.4)a

2960 (80.9)a

3228 (88.2)a

2539 (69.4)a

1691 (46.2)

p value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Education level

  ≤ Primary

36 (94.7)

35 (92.1)

17 (44.7)

20 (52.6)

5 (13.2)

34 (89.5)a

 Secondary

1151 (77.6)

1142 (77.0)

1050 (70.8)

1090 (73.5)

840 (56.6)

799 (53.9)a

 Post-secondary

540 (66.3)

531 (65.2)

520 (63.9)

534 (65.6)

422 (51.8)

422 (51.8)a

 Tertiary

2544 (87.0)a

2710 (92.7)a

2389 (81.7)a

2722 (93.1)a

2038 (69.7)a

1337 (45.7)

p value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Employment status

 Employed

2429 (74.9)

2596 (80.0)

2222 (68.5)

2515 (77.6)

1800 (55.5)

1603 (49.4)

 Student

1679 (91.9)a

1653 (90.5)a

1598 (87.5)a

1692 (92.7)a

1386 (75.9)a

871 (47.7)

 Unemployed

163 (85.3)

169 (88.5)

156 (81.7)

160 (83.8)

119 (62.3)

118 (61.8)a

p value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Marital status

 Widowed/divorced/separated

111 (69.8)

120 (75.5)

95 (59.7)

115 (72.3)

96 (60.4)

88 (55.4)

 Married

1692 (77.3)

1813 (82.8)

1540 (70.4)

1753 (80.1)

1225 (56.0)

1069 (48.8)

 Single

2468 (84.8)a

2485 (85.3)a

2341 (80.4)a

2499 (85.8)a

1984 (68.1)a

1435 (49.3)

p value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.29

Family economic status

 High

751 (86.7)a

807 (93.2)a

600 (69.3)

733 (84.6)a

423 (48.8)

459 (53.1)a

 Low

1507 (77.5)

1535 (79.0)

1474 (75.8)

1574 (81.0)

1283 (66.0)a

1013 (52.1)a

 Medium

2013 (82.2)

2076 (84.7)

1902 (77.6)a

2060 (84.1)

1599 (65.3)

1120 (45.7)

p value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.009

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Country of residence

 Indonesia

306 (7.2)

264 (6.0)

339 (8.5)

315 (7.2)

181 (5.5)

264 (10.2)

 Malaysia

1221 (28.6)

1223 (27.7)

1218 (30.6)

1241 (28.4)

1162 (35.2)

487 (18.8)

 Myanmar

255 (6.0)

271 (6.1)

260 (6.5)

259 (5.9)

211 (6.4)

187 (7.2)

 Philippines

277 (6.5)

254 (5.7)

289 (7.3)

292 (6.7)

254 (7.7)

106 (4.1)

 Thailand

1624 (38.0)

1806 (40.9)

1550 (39.0)

1797 (41.1)

1385 (41.9)

976 (37.7)

 Vietnam

588 (13.8)

600 (13.6)

320 (8.0)

463 (10.6)

112 (3.4)

572 (22.1)

p value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

  1. aBonferroni adjusted post-hoc comparisons (exact p values are mentioned in the text)