Table 2 Medicinal plants used for treatment of diarrhea and cough in Kampala city, Uganda

Species used against cough

 Alliaceae

  KHM03

1. Katungulchumu^a

Tungulucumu^d

Allium sativum L.

Herb

Bulb

Decoction + minced ginger, drunk

 Asparagaceae

  KHM05

2. Kajjolyenjovu^a

Dracaena steudneri Engl.

Tree

Leaves

Decoction drunk/powder licked

 Astareceae

  KHM06

3. Artemesia^k

Artemisia annua L.

Herb

Leaves

Infusion + salt drunk

  KHM07

4. Mululuuza^a

Vernonia amygdalina Delile

Shrub

Leaves, roots

Decoction drunk

 Bignoniaceae

  KHM36

5. Mussa^ab

Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth.

Tree

Leaves

Decoction + honey drunk

  KHM37

6. Kifabakazi^a

Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.

Tree

RB

Decoction drunk

 Caricaceae

  KHM08

7. Mupapaali^b

Carica papaya L.

Tree

Leave, roots

Decoction drunk

 Celastraceae

  KHM09

8. Mayirunji^a

Catha edulis Forssk.

Shrub

Leaves

Chewed, extract swallowed

  KHM10

9. Muwaiswa^c

Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes.

Shrub

Roots, leaves

Decoction drunk

  KHM14

10. Musaali^a

Symphonia globulifera L.f.

Tree

Roots

Decoction drunk

 Crassulaceae

  KHM15

11. Kiyondo Ekyeru^a

Kalanchoe densiflora Rolfe

Herb

Leaves

Decoction drunk

 Cucurbitaceae

  KHM11

12. Suunsa^a

Cucurbita maxima Duch.

Creeper

Leaves

Decoction drunk

 Ebenaceae

  KHM16

13. Mangholu^e

Euclea schimperi (A.DC.) Dandy

Shrub

Leaves

Decoction drunk twice a day before meals

 Fabaceae

  KHM17

14. Akasaana^a

Acacia hockii De Wild.

Shrub

SB

Decoction drunk

0.05

  KHM20

15. Nkooge^a

Tamarindus indica L.

Tree

Fruit, SB, leaves

Decoction drunk

0.18

 Dracaenaceae

  KHM19

16. Akasandasanda^a

Euphorbia hirta Lnn.

Herb

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.06

 Rubiaceae

  KHM18

17. Odwong^h

Gardenia ternifolia Schumach. & Thonn. subsp. jovis-tonantis (Welw.) Verdc. var. jovis-tonantis

Tree

Root bark

Infusion of dry powder drunk

0.02

 Lamiaceae

  KHM01

18. Kyewamala^a

Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd

Shrub

Leaves

Infusion drunk

0.22

  KHM02

19. Kibwankulata^a

Plectranthus cyaneus Gürke

Herb

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.39

  KHM21

20. Kachumita^d

Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench

Herb

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.02

 Lauraceae

  KHM22

21. Ovakedo^a

Persea americana Mill.

Tree

Leaves, SD, SB

Decoction drunk

0.66

 Malvaceae

  KHM23

22. Lusaala^a

Hibiscus fuscus Garcke

Herb

Leaves

Ash licked

0.08

 Moraceae

  KHM24

23. Muvule^a

Miliciaxcels (Welw.) C.C.Berg

Tree

Leaves, SB

Decoction drunk

0.21

 Moringaceae

  KHM25

24. Molinga^a

Moringa oleifera Lam.

Tree

Leaves, roots, SD

Decoction drunk

0.32

 Myricaceae

  KHM26

25. Nkikimbo^a

Morella kandtiana (Engl.) Verdc. & Polhill

Shrub

Roots

Decoction drunk

0.02

  KHM13

26. Kalitunsi^a

Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill

Tree

Leaves, SB

Infusion drunk

0.74

  KHM62

27. Kalatucⁱ

Eucalyptus viminalis Labill.

Tree

Leaves, RB

Decoction drunk

0.06

  KHM27

28. Mwambalabutonya^a

Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels

Shrub

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.95

  KHM28

29. Kalitunsi^a

Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson

Tree

Leaves, SB

Concoction drunk

0.05

  KHM29

30. Jjambula^ac

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Tree

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.66

  KHM30

31. Mupeera^a

Psidium guajava L.

Tree

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.75

 Rutaceae

  KHM04

32. Niimu^a

Ndima^f

Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck

Shrub

Fruits

Decoction of whole fruit/infusion of fresh mesocarp drunk, or juice squeezed out and swallowed

1.00

Species used against diarrhea

 Acanthaceae

  KHM41

33. Wankuura^d

Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims

Climber

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.02

 Anacardiaceae

  KHM43

34. Muziru^a

Pseudospondias microcarpa (A. Rich) Engl.

Tree

Roots

Decoction drunk

0.22

 Annonaceae

  KHM44

35. Mugaali^a

Annona senegalensis Pers.

Tree

SB, leaves

Decoction drunk

0.02

 Apocynaceae

  KHM45

36. Mulondo^ab

Mondia whytei (Hook.f.) Skeels

Climber

Roots

Infusion/chew

0.49

 Aristolochiaceae

  KHM39

37. Nakasero^a

Musujja awalaba^d

Aristolochia littoralis Parodi

Herb

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.70

 Astareceae

  KHM46

38. Akalulusa ahasinde^e

Microglossa angolensis Oliv. & Hiern.

Shrub

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.03

  KHM47

39. Kafugankande^a

Conyza pyrrhopappa Sch.Bip. ex A. Rich

Herb

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.95

  KHM12

40. Etutum^h

Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) O.Kuntze

Herb

Roots, leaves

Decoction drunk

0.09

  KHM48

41. Mugango^a

Solanecio mannii (Hook.f.) C.Jeffrey

Herb

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.04

  KHM42

42. Ssere^a

Bidens pilosa L.

Herb

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.33

 Balanitaceae

  KHM49

43. Liggwa limu^a

Balanites aegyptiaca (L) Delile

Tree

Roots

Decoction drunk

0.11

 Burseraceae

  KHM50

44. Muwafu^a

Canarium schweinfurtii Engl.

Tree

SB

Decoction drunk

0.26

 Capparaceae

  KHM51

45. Mukolokombi^a

Capparis tomentosa Lam.

Shrub

Roots

Decoction drunk

0.04

 Convolvulaceae

  KHM53

46. Lumonde^a

Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.

Vine

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.31

 Crassulaceae

  KHM52

47. Kiyondo^a

Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken

Herb

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.41

 Euphorbiaceae

  KHM69

48. Ahadunga^e

Euphorbia heterochroma Pax

Tree

SB

Decoction drunk

0.04

  KHM55

49. Murangara^d

Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile

Tree

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.02

 Fabaceae

  KHM56

50. Lusiiti^ab

Abrus precatorius L.

Tree

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.13

  KHM57

51. Muwologoma^a

Acacia amythethophylla A. Rich.

Shrub

Roots

Decoction drunk

0.17

  KHM58

52. Katasubwa^b

Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.

Shrub

Roots

Decoction

0.06

  KHM59

53. Mugavu^a

Kiluku^j

Albizia coriaria Oliv

Tree

Stem bark

Decoction drunk

0.35

  KHM60

54. Nkolimbo^ab

Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.

Herb

Leaves

Decoction/infusion drunk

0.24

  KHM61

55. Jjirikiti^a

Erythrina abyssinica DC.

Tree

SB, roots

Decoction drunk

0.05

  KHM67

56. Kiyugeyuge^b

Tylosema fassoglensis (Schweinf.) Torre & Hillc.

Climber

Roots

Concoction drunk

0.02

 Lauraceae

  KHM66

57. Mukomamawananga^a

Punica granatum L.

Shrub

SB

Decoction drunk

0.02

 Meliaceae

  KHM65

58. Musonko^a

Lovoa trichilioides Harms

Tree

SB, SD, leaves

Infusion drunk

0.05

 Moraceae

  KHM64

59. Mutuba^a

Ficus natalensis Hochst.

Tree

SB

Decoction drunk

0.16

 Myricaceae

  KHM63

60. Kalitunsi^a

Eucalyptus globulus Labill.

Tree

SB, leaves

Decoction drunk

0.03

  KHM68

61. Kalitunsi^a

Eucalyptus saligna Sm.

Tree

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.06

 Onagraceae

  KHM70

62.Kajampuni^c

Kanyebwa^a

Oxalis latifolia Kunth

Herb

Shoot

Decoction drunk

0.24

 Peraceae

  KHM72

63. Mubarama^d

Clutia abyssinica Jaub. & Spach

Shrub

Leaves

Infusion/decoction drunk

0.02

 Phyllanthaceae

  KHM31

64. Katazamiti^a

Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill

Tree

Leaves, SB

Decoction drunk

0.06

  KHM32

65. Mutulika^a

Phyllanthus ovalifolus Forssk.

Shrub

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.05

 Poaceae

  KHM71

66.Ekyisubi^a

Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) W. Watson

Grass

Leaves

Infusion drunk

0.96

  KHM73

67. Lumbugu^a

Digitaria abyssinica (A. Rich.) Stapf

Grass

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.48

 Polygalaceae

  KHM33

68. Mukondwe^a

Securida longipedunculata Fresen.

Tree

Roots, leaves

Concoction drunk

0.11

 Portulacaceae

  KHM74

69. Muhanga^d

Maesa lanceolata Forssk.

Tree

SB

Decoction drunk

0.02

 Rosaceae

  KHM34

70. Ntaseesa^b

Ngwabuzito^a

Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman

Tree

SB, leaves

Decoction drunk

0.13

  KHM38

71. Ensaali^a

Eriobotrya japonica (Thumb) Lindl.

Shrub

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.08

 Lamiaceae

  KHM75

72. Mujaaja^a

Ocimum gratissimum L.

Herb

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.04

  KHM40

73. Mubolo^a

Citropsis articulata (Willd. ex Spreng.) Swingle & M.Kellerm

Shrub

SB

Decoction drunk

0.07

 Verbenaceae

  KHM76

74. Enkami^a

Priva flabelliformis (Moldenke) R. Fern.

Herb

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.47

 Zingiberaceae

  KHM35

75. Ntangawuzi^a

Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Herb

Rhizome

Tincture drunk

0.14

Species used against both diarrhea and cough

 Anacardiaceae

  KHM54

76. Muyembe^a

Mengu^f

Mangifera indica L.

Tree

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.75^C, 0.21^D

  KHM77

77. Kakwansokwanso^a

Searsia pyroides (Burch.) Moffett

Shrub

Leaves, Roots

Decoction drunk

0.19^C, 0.07^D

 Canellaceae

  KHM79

78. Omuya^a

Warburgia ugandensis Sprague

Tree

Leaves, SB, roots

Decoction/infusion drunk

0.03^D, 0.08^C

 Cucurbitaceae

  KHM83

79. Bombo^a

Bomo^g

Momordica foetida Schumach

Climber

Leaves

Infusion drunk

0.98^C, 0.40^D

 Meliaceae

  KHM81

80. Neem^k

Azadirachta indica A.Juss.

Tree

Roots, leaves, SB

Decoction drunk

0.87^C, 0.03^D

 Passifloraceae

  KHM82

81. Katunda^ad

Passiflora edulis Sims

Climber

Leaves

Decoction drunk

0.04^D, 0.26^C

 Poaceae

  KHM80

82. Teete^a

Cymbopogon citratus Stapf

Grass

Leaves

Decoction or infusion drunk

0.32^C, 0.06^D

 Rutaceae

  KHM78

83. Muchungwa^ab

Chungwa^g

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck

Shrub

Leaves, roots, SB, fruit

Decoction drunk

0.03^D, 0.71^C

 Fabaceae

  KHM84

84. Mwolola^a

Entada abyssinica A. Rich

Tree

SB, leaves

Infusion/decoction drunk

0.97^D, 0.20^C