Fig. 7

Herbal medicine trade challenges in Kampala city (n = 65). a Scarcity of some plant species; b Inadequate scientific evidence on HM efficacy &composition; c Inadequate monitoring and guidance by authorities; d HM not recognized as formal health care; e Scarcity of policy-awareness programs; f Unregulated advertisement and misinformation; g National COVID-19 preventive measures impede trade; h Traditional medical practices are discouraged by some clergy; i Duplication of herbal products; j High cost, and delays in certification and registration processes; k Some TMP operate without registration/certification; l High prices of HM stock materials; m High costs paid as rent and transport fares; n Unstable demand for HM; o Original packaging materials are costly; p Heavy taxation; q Inadequate environmental hygiene; r Usage of recycled packages retained from communal wastes; s Reports of adverse reactions from some HM consumers; t Long distance from the harvesting sites; u Climate change