Silybum marianum ethanolic extract: in vitro effects on protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus G1 strain with emphasis on other Iranian medicinal plants

Taghipour, Ali; Ghaffarifar, Fatemeh; Horton, John; Dalimi, Abdolhossein; Sharifi, Zohreh

doi:10.1186/s41182-021-00363-7

Table 3 Literature review of in vitro scolicidal effectiveness of various Iranian medicinal plants and their characteristics used against protoscoleces of E. granulosus

From: Silybum marianum ethanolic extract: in vitro effects on protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus G1 strain with emphasis on other Iranian medicinal plants

First author (reference)	Botanical family	Botanical name	Section used	Type of extract	Phytochemical components	Maximum scolicidal effects (%)	Concentration (mg/ml)	Exposure time (minutes)	Other reported therapeutic properties
Present study	Asteraceae	Silybum marianum	Seeds	Ethanolic	Taxifolin, silychristin, silydianin, silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, isosilychristin	77	500 μg/ml or 0.5 mg/ml	60	Anti-microbial (helminthic, bacterial), anti-aflatoxin and immunomodulatory features Therapeutic effects of prostate, skin and breast tumors, cirrhosis and kidney disease
Faizei et al. [77]		Artemisia aucheri	Fruit	Methanolic	Linalool, borneol, decane, lavandulol	17.4	100	60	Anti-microbial (bacterial, leishmania, parasitic), anti-oxidant
Vakili et al. [78]		Artemisia sieberi	N/A	Aqueous	N/A	92.6	75	10	Anti-microbial (helminthic, bacterial, fungal), spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumors
Amiri et al. [79]		Tripleurospermum disciforme L	Leaves	Methanolic	N/A	100	50	10	Anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, anti-septic
Gholami et al. [57]	Adoxaceae	Sambucus ebulus	Fruit	Methanolic	Flavonoids, steroids, tannins, caffeic acid, ebulitins, α- triterpenes	98.6	100	60	Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, anti-cancer, anti-angiogenic, anti-oxidative
Sadjjadi et al. [80]	Amaryllidaceae	Allium sativum L	Cloves	Aqueous	N/A	42.3	200	60	Anti-microbial (viral, bacterial, fungal, helminthic, protozoa), anti-tumor, anti-oxidant
				Hydro alcohol		71.4	200	60
				Chloroform		99.5	200	30
Moazeni & Nazer [81]				Methanolic	Alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, steroids, cardenolides	100	50	10
Eskandarian [82]				Chloroform	N/A	98	50	60
Eskandarian [82]				Hydro alcohol	N/A	92	50	60
Rahimi-Esboei [83]			Flowers	Ultrasonic	N/A	98	100	180
Haghani et al. [84]		Allium cepa L	Root	Methanolic	Tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids	21.8	100	60	Anti-microbial (bacterial, parasitic), anti-ascorbic
Mahmoudvand et al. [85]	Anacardiaceae	Pistacia atlantica Desf	Fruit	Methanolic	β-Myrcene, α-pinene, limonene	100	50	10	Anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-asthmatic
Taran et al. [86]		Pistacia khinjuk	Leaves	Essential oil	Spathulenol, germacrene, β-pinene, myrcene, α- pinene	High	0.512	N/A	Anti-microbial (bacterial, viral) gastralgia, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic
				Ethyl acetate		Low
				Ethyl alcohol		Low
				Chloroform	N/A	Low
Mahmoudvand [87]		Pistacia vera L	Branch/ stems	Essential oil	Limonene, α-pinene, α-thujene, α-terpinolene, camphene, β-pinene	100	200	5	Anti-microbial (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic), anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, anti-atherogenic, anti-diabetic
Moazeni & Mohseni [88]		Rhus coriaria L	Fruit	Methanolic	Tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids	100	50	10	Anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-fibrogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-tumorigenic, hypoglycemic
Mahmoudvand et al. [89]	Apiaceae	Bunium persicum (Boiss.)	Seeds	Essential oil	γ-Terpinene, cuminaldehyde, cuminyl alcohol, ρ-cymene, β-caryophyllene	100	25	5	Anti-microbial, anti-spasmodic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory
Kavoosi et al. [90]		Ferula assafoetida L	Latex	Essential oil	α-Pinene, β-myrcene, decane	100	0.06	10	Anti-helminthic, analgesic, anti-septic, sedative, expectorant
Tabari et al. [91]		Ferula gummosa Boiss	Leaves	Essential oil	N/A	100	50 (ug/ml)	60	N/A
Lashkarizadeh et al. [92]		Foeniculum vulgare Mill	Seeds	Essential oil	trans-Anethole, α-pinene, limonene, methyl chavicol	100	1	5	Anti-oxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-thrombotic, diuretic
Moazeni et al. [93]		Trachyspermum ammi L	Fruit	Essential oil	Thymol, γ-terpinene, ρ-cymene, linalool	100	5	60	Anti-helminthic, insecticidal
Rouhani et al. [94]	Berberidaceae	Berberis vulgaris L	Fruit	Aqueous	N/A	100	4	5	Anti-microbial (bacterial, parasitic, fungal)
			Fruit	Hydro alcohol	N/A	100	2	5
			Root	Methanolic	Isoquinoline alkaloid, carotenoid, flavonoid, tannin, flavonol, triterpene	100	2	10
Eskandarian [82]	Betulaceae	Corylus spp	Seeds	Chloroform	N/A	36	50	60	N/A
Eskandarian [82]	Betulaceae	Corylus spp	Seeds	Hydro alcohol	N/A	33	50	60	N/A
Sharifi-Rad et al. [95]	Brassicaceae	Cardaria draba (L.)	Leaves	Ethanolic	Isorhamnetin, quercetin, caffeic acid, sinapic acid, vanillin	67.6	10	60	Anti-microbial (bacterial, parasitic), anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory
Sharifi-Rad et al. [95]		Cardaria draba (L.)	Seeds	Ethanolic	Caffeic acid, sinapic acid, quercetin, vanillin, isorhamnetin	66.3	10	60
Bahrami et al. [96]		Lepidium sativum L	N/A	Essential oil	Thujene, myrcene, ρ-cymene	100	10	30	Dysentery, diarrhea, skin diseases, diuretic, leprosy, asthma
Eskandarian [82]	Cucurbitaceae	Cucurbita spp.	Edible part	Chloroform	N/A	47	50	60	N/A
Eskandarian [82]	Cucurbitaceae	Cucurbita spp.	Edible part	Hydro alcohol	N/A	44	50	60	N/A
Tabari et al. [91]	Geraniaceae	Pelargonium roseum	Leaves	Essential oil	N/A	100	0.05	60	Anti-trichomonal and insect repellence
Taran et al. [86]	Lamiaceae	Hymenocarter longiflorus	Leaves	Essential oil	α-Terpinene, linalool, ρ-cymene, trans- caryophyllene	Methanolic and essential oil extract showed significant scolicidal efficacy with LC50 values of 135.88 and 79.68 μm/ml, respectively	N/A	N/A	Anti-microbial, anti-mosquito agent, larvicidal
Taran et al. [86]		Hymenocarter longiflorus	Stems	Methanolic	α-Terpinene, linalool, ρ-cymene, trans- caryophyllene		N/A	N/A	Anti-microbial, anti-mosquito agent, larvicidal
Haghani et al. [84]		Ocimum bacilicum	Leaves	Methanolic	N/A	24.1	100	60	Anti-microbial (bacterial, fungal) and in treatment of splenomegaly
Zibaei et al. [97]		Satureja khuzestanica	Leaves	Ethanolic	Thymol, carvacrol, thymol acetate, γ-terpinene, ρ cymene, α-terpinene	100	1	30	Anti-microbial (bacterial, fungal, viral) Anti-diarrheal, anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, vasodilator, anti-oxidant
Moazeni et al. [98]			Leaves	Essential oil	N/A	100	10	10
Moazeni et al. [98]			Flowers	Essential oil	N/A	100	10	10
Kavoosi et al. [90]		Zataria multiflora Boiss	Leaves	Essential oil	Thymol, carvacrol, β-caryophyllene, linalool, α-terpinolene, ρ- cymene, thymol acetate	100	0.02	10	Anti-microbial (bacterial, fungal, protozoal), Analgesic, anti-septic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, immunostimulant, pain-relieving
Jahanbakhsh et al. [99]		Zataria multiflora Boiss	Leaves	Essential oil		100	12.5	5
Zibaei [100]	Ephedraceae	Ephedra major	Roots	Methanolic	N/A	66.39 ± 34.61	0.1	60	Anti-bacterial, treatment of allergies, asthma, chills, coughs
			Stems			99.09 ± 2.27
			Leaves			90.25 ± 19.42

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ISSN: 1349-4147

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