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Table 2 Probit regression estimates of determinants of willingness to participate in COVID-19 vaccine trial

From: COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among the adult population in Ghana: evidence from a pre-vaccination rollout survey

 

Dependent variable: participation in COVID-19 vaccine trial

 

Self+

Someone++

Independent variables

AME(SE)

AME(SE)

Sex (Ref: male)

 Female

− 0.06* (0.03)

− 0.05 (0.03)

Age (Ref: 18–23)

 24–29

− 0.13** (0.06)

− 0.16*** (0.06)

 30–35

− 0.15** (0.06)

− 0.16*** (0.06)

 36–41

− 0.23*** (0.07)

− 0.18*** (0.07)

 42–47

− 0.15* (0.09)

− 0.08 (0.09)

 48 + 

− 0.35*** (0.07)

− 0.28*** (0.08)

Education (Ref: none)

 Primary

− 0.08 (0.08)

− 0.05 (0.08)

 Middle/JHS/JSS

0.14 (0.09)

0.07 (0.09)

 Secondary/SHS/SSSS

0.05 (0.07)

0.02 (0.07)

 Tertiary

− 0.01 (0.05)

0.02 (0.05)

Region (Ref: Ashanti)

 Brong Ahafo

0.12 (0.11)

0.15 (0.12)

 Bono East

0.13 (0.12)

0.24** (0.12)

 Central

0.22*** (0.08)

0.27*** (0.08)

 Eastern

0.18** (0.07)

0.26*** (0.07)

 Greater Accra

0.09 (0.06)

0.12** (0.06)

 Northern

0.20* (0.10)

0.25** (0.10)

 Oti

0.51** (0.23)

0.45* (0.25)

 Upper East

0.35** (0.15)

0.33** (0.15)

 Upper West

0.23** (0.11)

0.26** (0.11)

 Volta

0.12* (0.06)

0.20*** (0.06)

 Western

0.11 (0.08)

0.17** (0.08)

 Western North

0.21 (0.13)

0.21 (0.13)

Marital status (Ref: divorced)

 Living together

− 0.09 (0.13)

0.05 (0.13)

 Married

0.00 (0.11)

0.07 (0.11)

 Never married

− 0.03 (0.12)

0.11 (0.12)

 Separated

0.05 (0.18)

0.08 (0.18)

 Widowed

0.20 (0.17)

0.18 (0.17)

Religion (Ref: Christian)

 Moslem

− 0.03 (0.06)

0.00 (0.06)

 Traditionalist/other

− 0.00 (0.13)

− 0.08 (0.13)

Willingness to pay (Ref: no)

 Yes

0.25*** (0.03)

0.27*** (0.03)

COVID-19 is caused by a virus (Ref: no)

 Yes

− 0.09 (0.09)

− 0.07 (0.09)

 Observations chi2

911

903

  1. Source: Field Data (2020); COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease 2019, JHS (unior High School, SHS Senior High School, JSS Junior Secondary School, SSS Senior Secondary School, AME Average Marginal Effect, Average marginal effects; Standard errors in parentheses; *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01; +Self (the respondents himself or herself); ++ (someone else including friends, relatives and co-workers etc.)