Table 3 Univariate associations of household level human tungiasis (presence/absence of tungiasis case) with household, animal and environmental variables

Number of people in home

5.00 [3.00; 7.00]

5.00 [3.00; 7.00]

5.00 [2.00; 7.00]

0.90 [0.80; 1.02]

0.091

Median age of people in household

20.1 (14.2)

19.9 (13.4)

21.4 (19.1)

1.01 [0.98; 1.03]

0.558

Fraction male

41.4 (25.2)

42.0 (25.0)

37.2 (26.9)

0.99 [0.98; 1.01]

0.274

SES categories:

Most poor

48 (20.3%)

43 (20.9%)

5 (16.7%)

Ref.

Ref.

4

45 (19.1%)

35 (17.0%)

10 (33.3%)

2.40 [0.76; 8.55]

0.136

3

43 (18.2%)

38 (18.4%)

5 (16.7%)

1.13 [0.28; 4.51]

0.859

2

60 (25.4%)

53 (25.7%)

7 (23.3%)

1.13 [0.33; 4.16]

0.851

Least poor

40 (16.9%)

37 (18.0%)

3 (10.0%)

0.71 [0.13; 3.23]

0.664

Domesticated animals

Cows

0.31 (0.46)

0.31 (0.46)

0.34 (0.48)

1.18 [0.59; 2.36]

0.645

Goats

0.61 (0.49)

0.62 (0.49)

0.59 (0.50)

0.87 [0.45; 1.69]

0.682

Birds

0.84 (0.37)

0.83 (0.38)

0.88 (0.33)

1.46 [0.55; 3.93]

0.448

Cats

0.42 (0.49)

0.42 (0.49)

0.41 (0.50)

0.97 [0.50; 1.90]

0.940

Dogs

0.30 (0.46)

0.28 (0.45)

0.46 (0.51)

2.24 [1.12; 4.45]

0.022

Wildlife species

Elephants

0.15 (0.35)

0.14 (0.35)

0.18 (0.39)

1.34 [0.55; 3.27]

0.523

Warthogs

0.35 (0.48)

0.36 (0.48)

0.26 (0.44)

0.61 [0.28; 1.31]

0.203

Rabbits

0.02 (0.13)

0.02 (0.14)

0.00 (0.00)

0.00 [0.00;.]

0.989

Baboons

0.33 (0.47)

0.33 (0.47)

0.31 (0.47)

0.91 [0.44; 1.88]

0.789

Monkeys

0.01 (0.12)

0.01 (0.11)

0.03 (0.16)

2.16 [0.22; 21.3]

0.510

Hyena

0.07 (0.25)

0.06 (0.25)

0.08 (0.27)

1.21 [0.34; 4.37]

0.767

Wild cats

0.61 (0.49)

0.61 (0.49)

0.62 (0.49)

1.02 [0.51; 2.04]

0.953

Mongoose

0.01 (0.12)

0.01 (0.11)

0.03 (0.16)

2.16 [0.22; 21.3]

0.510

Buffalo

0.01 (0.10)

0.01 (0.11)

0.00 (0.00)

0.00 [0.00;.]

0.987

Zebra

0.00 (0.06)

0.00 (0.06)

0.00 (0.00)

0.00 [0.00;.]

0.989

Household and environmental factors

Distance to health facility

3.37 (1.72)

3.37 (1.71)

3.43 (1.82)

1.02 [0.85; 1.24]

0.816

Distance the nearest river or stream

3.06 (2.00)

2.99 (1.95)

3.50 (2.24)

1.13 [0.96; 1.31]

0.132

Distance to wildlife reserve

6.48 (3.74)

6.63 (3.75)

5.43 (3.60)

0.91 [0.82; 1.00]

0.057

Elevation

227 (81.9)

223 (77.7)

253 (103)

1.00 [1.00; 1.01]

0.032

Wall materials:

Brick/block

16 (6.78%)

13 (6.31%)

3 (10.0%)

Ref.

Ref.

Mud/cement

13 (5.51%)

11 (5.34%)

2 (6.67%)

0.81 [0.08; 6.27]

0.840

Stone

6 (2.54%)

5 (2.43%)

1 (3.33%)

0.93 [0.03; 10.4]

0.957

Wood/mud

201 (85.2%)

177 (85.9%)

24 (80.0%)

0.57 [0.17; 2.75]

0.439

Water_source:

Open well

26 (11.0%)

21 (10.2%)

5 (16.7%)

Ref.

Ref.

Piped

117 (49.6%)

106 (51.5%)

11 (36.7%)

0.43 [0.14; 1.53]

0.182

Pond/dam

45 (19.1%)

39 (18.9%)

6 (20.0%)

0.65 [0.17; 2.57]

0.525

Stream/river

48 (20.3%)

40 (19.4%)

8 (26.7%)

0.83 [0.24; 3.15]

0.780