Incidence and predictors of tuberculosis among HIV patients after initiation of antiretroviral treatment in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 4 A meta-analysis of predictors of incidence of tuberculosis among HIV-positive patients in Ethiopia (2010–2019)

Variables	Observation	HR	95%CI	p value of Q	I² (%)	Tau²	Q-statistic	P value of estimate
Functional status
Working (ref)	4	1
Ambulatory		1.46	[0.84, 2.51]	p = 0.001	78.8	0.29	18.83	p = 0.18
Bedridden		2.01	[1.21, 3.35]	p = 0.137	42.7%	0.13	6.98	p = 0.007
Anemia status
Not anemic (ref)	8	1						p < 0.001
Anemic	8	2.30	[1.75, 3.02]	p = 0.179	31.2	0.05	10.17	p < 0.001
WHO clinical staging
Stage I/II (ref)	10	1						p < 0.001
Stage III/IV	10	2.26	[1.70, 3.02]	p = 0.048	47.2	0.09	17.05	p < 0.001
Cotrimoxazole preventive therapy
Yes(ref)	5	1						p = 0.007
No	5	2.16	[1.23, 3.72]	p = 0.062	55.3	0.20	8.95	p = 0.007
Isoniazid preventing therapy
Yes (ref)	7	1						p = 0.001
No	7	3.67	[1.73, 7.76]	p < 0.001	79.1	0.74	28.7	p = 0.001
CD4 cell count
Greater than 200	6	1						p = 0.002
Less than or equal to 200	6	2.12	[1.31, 3.43]	p < 0.001	90.8	0.32	54.38	p = 0.002
Previous history of tuberculosis
No	3	1
Yes	3	1.49	[0.77, 2.89]	p = 0.004	73.5	0.39	15.11	p = 0.24
Gender
Female	5	1
Male	5	1.37	[1.16, 1.63]	p = 0.588	0	0	2.82	p < 0.001
Family size
Less than five		1
Five or more	3	1.18	[0.89, 1.56]	p = 0.29	19.0	0.01	2.47	p = 0.26

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