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Table 3 Multilevel logistic regression analysis for risk factors of neonatal death in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016 data

From: Risk factor of neonatal mortality in Ethiopia: multilevel analysis of 2016 Demographic and Health Survey

Variables

Model I AOR (95% CI)

Model II AOR (95% CI)

Model III AOR (95% CI)

Model IV AOR (95% CI)

Individual-level factors

 Sex of neonate

  Male

 

1

 

1

  Female

 

0.59 (0.47,0.73)

 

0.59 (0.42, 0.83)*

 Age of respondent at 1st birth

  ≤ 16

 

1

 

1

  > 16

 

0.71 (0.65,0.78)*

 

0.75 (0.59, 0.95)*

 Number of ANC visits during pregnancy

  ≥ 4

 

1

 

1

  1–3

 

1.16 (1.05, 1.28)*

 

1.09 (1.01, 1.18)*

  No visit

 

2.70 (2.37, 3.09)*

 

2.33 (2.09, 2.61)*

 Duration of pregnancy

  Term

 

1

 

1

  Pre-term

 

6.70 (5.57, 8.06)*

 

5.97 (4.96, 7.20)*

 Preceding birth interval in month

  > 24

 

1

 

1

  ≤ 24

 

1.62 (1.45, 1.81)*

 

1.51 (1.35, 1.68)*

 Birth order

  First order

 

1

 

1

  2–4

 

1.16 (1.06, 1.28)*

 

1.51 (1.28, 1.79)*

  ≥ 5

 

1.93 (1.77, 2.10)*

 

2.15 (1.75, 2.64)*

 Number of TT injections during pregnancy

  ≥ 4

 

1

 

1

  1–3

 

1.51 (1.28, 1.79)*

 

1.54 (1.30, 1.82)*

  Not received

 

2.20 (1.86, 2.61)*

 

2.28 (1.92, 2.71)*

 Type of birth

  Single birth

 

1

 

1

  Multiple birth

 

4.60 (4.09, 5.17)

 

3.18 (2.78, 3.63)*

 Place of delivery

  Health facility

 

1

 

1

  Home

 

2.23 (1.66, 2.98)*

 

1.99 (1.48, 2.69)*

 Size of child at birth

  Average

 

1

 

1

  Smaller than average

 

1.92 (1.77, 2.09)*

 

1.58 (1.46, 1.71)*

  Larger than average

 

1.15 (0.98, 1.34)

 

1.09 (0.88, 1.33)

 Duration of breastfeeding

  Still breastfeeding

 

1

 

1

  Ever breastfed, not currently breastfeeding

 

1.22 (1.01,1.47)*

 

1.12 (1.01, 1.24)*

  Never breastfed

 

2.70 (2.37, 3.09)*

 

2.43 (2.17, 2.72)*

 Mothers age

  15–24

 

1

 

1

  25–34

 

1.10 (0.94, 1.29)

 

1.10 (0.85, 1.40)

  35–49

 

2.12 (1.76, 2.55)*

 

2.03 (1.68, 2.46)*

 Mothers’ education

  Secondary and above

 

1

 

1

  Primary

 

1.35 (1.10, 1.65)*

 

1.21 (1.04, 1.40)*

  No education

 

1.66 (1.35, 2.04)*

 

1.58 (1.46, 1.71)*

 Wealth index

  Richer

 

1

 

1

  Middle

 

1.39 (1.25, 1.55)*

 

1.21 (1.06, 1.37)*

  Poor

 

1.52 (1.41, 1.64)*

 

1.29 (1.17, 1.41)*

 Fathers’ education

  Secondary and above

 

1

 

1

  Primary

 

1.28 (1.10, 1.50)*

 

1.19 (1.02, 1.39)*

  No education

 

1.34 (1.14, 1.57)*

 

1.32 (1.12, 1.54)*

Community-level factors

 Residence

  Urban

  

1

1

  Rural

  

2.06 (1.22, 3.47)*

2.71 (2.23, 3.29)*

 Region

  Tigray

  

1

1

  Afar

  

2.07 (1.01, 4.27)*

1.32 (0.61, 2.86)

  Amhara

  

3.72 (1.86, 7.43)*

3.40 (1.60, 7.19)*

  Oromia

  

4.86 (2.53, 9.31)*

3.72 (1.84, 7.52)*

  Somali

  

4.92 (2.57, 9.40)*

3.36 (1.66, 6.80)*

  Benishangul

  

3.34 (1.61, 6.94)*

2.58 (1.19, 5.60)*

  SNNPR

  

2.92 (1.46, 5.84)*

2.62 (1.25, 5.49)*

  Gambela

  

3.16 (1.48, 6.76)*

1.95 (0.86, 4.43)

  Harari

  

3.28 (1.48, 7.26)*

3.53 (1.50, 8.32)*

  Addis Ababa

  

0.40 (0.05, 3.29)

0.49 (0.06, 4.01)

  Dire Dawa

  

3.01 (1.24, 7.34)*

3.11 (1.20, 8.03)*

 Source of drinking water

  Protected

  

1

1

  Unprotected

  

1.26 (1.05, 1.53)*

1.35 (1.16, 1.58)*

 Improved toilet facility

  Yes

  

1

1

  No

  

1.43 (1.09, 1.88)*

1.78 (1.50, 2.12)*

  1. 1 Reference category for categorical variable and * reference p-value < 0.001
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