Table 2 Multilevel logistic regression analysis of both individual and community-level factors associated with alcohol use in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016
Individual and community-level variables | Models | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Null model | Model I | Model II | Model III | |
AOR (95%CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
Men age | ||||
 15–29 years |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 30–44 years |  | 1.28 (1.07, 1.54) |  | 1.30 (1.08, 1.56)* |
 45–59 years |  | 1.38 (1.09, 1.74) |  | 1.38 (1.10, 1.74)* |
Household head | ||||
 Male |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 Female |  | 1.05 (0.87, 1.27) |  | 1.09 (0.90, 1.32) |
Marital status | ||||
 Had a partner |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 Not having a partner |  | 0.78 (0.65, 0.94) |  | 0.78 (0.64, 1.02) |
Religion | ||||
 Orthodox |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 Muslim |  | 0.006 (0.005,0.08) |  | 0.01 (0.008, 0.044) |
 Protestant |  | 0.05 (0.039, 0.062) |  | 0.06 (0.054, 0.083) |
 Others |  | 0.36 (0.24, 0.55) |  | 0.42 (0.28, 0.63) |
Men education | ||||
 Unable to read and write |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 Primary education |  | 0.83 (0.65, 1.06) |  | 0.87 (0.68, 1.11) |
 Secondary education |  | 0.74 (0.55, 0.99) |  | 0.80 (0.60, 1.08) |
 Higher education |  | 1.30 (0.95, 1.78) |  | 1.40 (0.99, 1.92) |
Men working status | ||||
 Not working |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 Working |  | 0.78 (0.54, 1.12) |  | 0.83 (0.57, 1.02) |
Media exposure | ||||
 No exposed |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 Exposed |  | 1.67 (1.40, 2.00) |  | 1.69 (1.41, 2.20)* |
Wealth index | ||||
 Poor |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 Middle |  | 0.91 (0.73, 1.13) |  | 0.85 (0.68, 1.06) |
 Richer |  | 0.84 (0.69, 1.03) |  | 0.83 (0.68, 1.03) |
Smoking status | ||||
 Non-smoker |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 Smoker |  | 1.89 (1.48, 2.41) |  | 2.18 (1.71, 2.79)* |
Khat chewing | ||||
 No |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 Yes |  | 2.77 (2.28, 3.37) |  | 3.08 (2.54, 3.74)* |
Occupation | ||||
 Had occupation |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 Had no occupation |  | 0.30 (0.20, 0.46) |  | 0.34 (0.22, 0.51)* |
Literacy | ||||
 Can read |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 Cannot read |  | 0.95 (0.76, 1.19) |  | 1.01 (0.80, 1.26) |
Residence | ||||
 Urban |  |  | 1 | 1 |
 Rural |  |  | 0.27 (0.17, 0.41) | 0.80 (0.56, 1.15) |
Region | ||||
 Tigray |  |  | 1 | 1 |
 Afar |  |  | .0007 (.0003, 0.0007) | 0.02 (0.009, 0.042)* |
 Amhara |  |  | 0.62 (0.31, 1.25) | 1.05 (0.61, 1.81) |
 Oromia |  |  | 0.008 (0.004, 0.017) | 0.06 (0.039, 0.11)* |
 Somali |  |  | 0.0001 (0.0003, 0.00) | 0.004 (0.001, 0.011)* |
 Benishangul |  |  | 0.04 (0.021, 0.093) | 0.33 (0.18, 0.58)* |
 SNNPR |  |  | 0.1 (0.005, 0.02) | 0.07 (0.04, 0.12)* |
 Gambela |  |  | 0.03 (0.016, 0.073) | 0.15 (0.08, 0.27)* |
 Harari |  |  | 0.02 (0.001, 0.005) | 0.01 (0.008, 0.032)* |
 Addis Ababa |  |  | 0.048 (0.02, 0.106) | 0.21 (0.11, 0.39)* |
 Dire Dawa |  |  | 0.003 (0.001, 0.007) | 0.03 (0.016, 0.059)* |
Random effects | ||||
 ICC% | 77.82 | 47.23 | 48.84 | 29.04 |
 PCV% | 1 | 74.52 | 72.79 | 88.38 |
 MOR | 51.41 | 7.33 | 7.83 | 3.83 |
Model fitness | ||||
 Log-likelihood ratio | − 5224 | − 3920 | − 4907 | − 3690 |
 Deviance | 10448 | 7840 | 9817 | 7380 |