Table 3 Multilevel logistic regression analysis of high-risk fertility behavior among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia, 2016 (n = 11,022)
Variables | Category | Model (I) AOR (95% CI) without factor | Model (II) AOR (95% CI) individual-level factor | Model (III) AOR (95% CI) community-level factor | Model (IV) AOR (95% CI) individual + community-level factor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex of child | Male | Ref | Ref | ||
Female | 0.94 (0.85, 1.03) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) | |||
Religion | Orthodox | Ref | Ref | ||
Muslim | 1.35 (1.19, 1.52) | 1.10 (0.93, 1.29) | |||
Protestant | 1.07 (0.93, 1.24) | 1.08 (0.89, 1.30) | |||
Others | 1.14 (0.82, 1.59) | 1.15 (0.82, 1.62) | |||
Educational status of mother | Unable to read and write | Ref | Ref | ||
Primary education | 0.69 (0.62, 0.78) | 0.71 (0.63, 0.80)* | |||
Secondary education | 0.69 (0.57, 0.84) | 0.73 (0.60, 0.89)* | |||
Higher education | 0.76 (0.59, 0.99) | 0.82 (0.63, 1.07) | |||
Occupational status women (the mother) | Working | Ref | Ref | ||
Not working | 0.99 (0.89, 1.09) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) | |||
Wealth index | Poor | Ref | Ref | ||
Middle | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | 0.95 (0.82, 1.10) | |||
Rich | 0.91 (0.80, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.85, 1.13) | |||
Media exposure | Has media exposure | Ref | Ref | ||
No media exposure | 0.81 (0.69, 0.96) | 0.83(0.70,1.004) | |||
Contraceptive use | Yes | Ref | Ref | ||
No | 1.31 (1.17, 1.47) | 1.25 (1.12, 1.40)* | |||
Wanted pregnancy | Yes | Ref | Ref | ||
No | 1.34 (1.18, 1.53) | 1.40 (1.23, 1.59)* | |||
Had ANC | Yes | Ref | Ref | ||
No | 1.19 (1.05, 1.34) | 1.19 (1.05, 1.35)* | |||
Stillbirth | No | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 1.08 (0.88, 1.28) | 1.07 (0.90, 1.27) | |||
Delivery place | Institution | Ref | Ref | ||
Home | 0.99 (0.88, 1.12) | 0.97 (0.85, 1.11) | |||
Residence | Urban | Ref | Ref | ||
Rural | 1.65 (1.43, 1.90) | 1.26 (1.04, 1.51)* | |||
Region | Addis | Ref | Ref | ||
Afar | 1.56 (1.16, 2.10) | 1.19 (0.86, 1.63) | |||
Amhara | 0.81 (0.61,1.08) | 0.72 (0.53, 0.96)* | |||
Oromia | 1.18 (0.89, 1.57) 2.289 | 0.98 (0.73, 1.31) | |||
Somalia | 2.29 (1.73, 3.05) | 1.70 (1.24, 2.32)* | |||
Benishangul Gumuz | 1.12 (0.83, 1.52) | 0.99 (0.73, 1.35) | |||
SNNP | 1.05 (0.79, 1.39) | 0.93 (0.69, 1.26) | |||
Gambela | 0.92 (0.69, 1.24) | 0.79 (0.57, 1.09) | |||
Harari | 1.08 (0.80, 1.47) | 0.97 (0.71, 1.32) | |||
Tigray | 1.07 (0.811, 1.43) | 1.03 (0.77, 1.39) | |||
Dire Dawa | 1.43 (1.05, 1.94) | 1.22 (0.88, 1.68) | |||
Random effects (effects of variation), i.e, measure of variation for high-risk fertility behavior | |||||
Community level variance(SE) | 0.188 (0.032) | 0.062 (0.024) | 0.064 (0.023) | 0.039 (0.024) | |
p value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
Deviance | 11,372 | 11,146 | 11,202 | 11,092 | |
ICC% | 5.4 | 1.8 | 1.91 | 1.18 | |
PCV% | Reference | 67.03 | 65.97 | 79.26 | |
MOR | 1.50 | 1.26 | 1.27 | 1.20 | |