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Table 2 Fecal carriage of ESBL-E among pregnant women by social-demographic, clinical factors, and hygienic factors

From: Fecal carriage and factors associated with extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among pregnant women at the tertiary referral hospital, Tanzania

Variable

Total number

Fecal carriage, n (%)

p value

Overall

182

117 (64.3)

 

Age group

  

0.06

 18–25

50

39 (78.0)

 26–35

107

63 (58.9)

 35+

25

15 (60.0)

Gestational age

  

0.69

 37–39

121

75 (62.0)

 40–42

57

39 (68.4)

 43–45

4

3 (75.0)

Number of parity

  

0.26

 0–1

73

50 (68.5)

 2

53

36 (67.9)

 3+

56

31 (55.4)

Education level

  

0.001

 Low

80

62 (77.5)

 High

102

55 (53.9)

HIV status

  

0.16

 Positive

9

8 (88.9)

 Negative

173

109 (63.0)

Self-prescription of antibiotic medication in pregnancy

  

0.001

 Yes

95

72 (75.8)

 No

87

45 (51.7)

Types of toilet used

  

1.00

 Flush

154

99 (64.3)

 Hole

28

18 (64.3)

Toilet sharing

  

0.01

 No

46

22 (47.8)

 Yes

136

95 (69.9)

Handwashing with soap before eating

  

0.17

 Yes

159

99 (62.3)

 No

23

18 (78.3)

Handwashing using soap after defecation

  

0.03

 Yes

156

95 (60.9)

 No

26

22 (84.6)

Use of treated drinking water

  

0.27

 Yes

113

69 (61.1)

 No

69

48 (69.6)

  1. In bold p value of less than 0.05 that indicates statistically significant association (Fisher’s exact test)