Table 3 Risk factors for mortality among infants and children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
From: Risk factors for mortality among Tanzanian infants and children
| Â | n/N (%) | Unadjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal characteristics | |||||
 Age (years) | |||||
  <24 | 53/1167 (4.5%) | Referent |  | Referent |  |
  24–29 | 145/1986 (7.3%) | 1.61 (1.17–2.20) | 0.003 | 1.03 (0.74–1.43) | 0.88 |
  ≥30 | 99/1518 (6.5%) | 1.43 (1.03–2.00) | 0.03 | 0.83 (0.58–1.18) | 0.30 |
Middle upper arm circumference in centimeters | |||||
 ≥23 | 258/4196 (6.2%) | Referent |  | Referent |  |
 <23 | 45/478 (9.4%) | 1.58 (1.15–2.17) | 0.005 | 0.98 (0.71–1.35) | 0.90 |
Married or cohabitating with partner | |||||
 Yes | 257/4173 (6.2%) | 0.74 (0.53–1.02) | 0.06 | 0.95 (0.67–1.35) | 0.78 |
 No | 43/527 (8.2%) | Referent |  | Referent |  |
Prior pregnancies | |||||
 0 | 67/1268 (5.3%) | Referent |  |  |  |
 1–4 | 222/3307 (6.7%) | 1.25 (0.95–1.64) | 0.11 |  |  |
 ≥5 | 11/133 (8.3%) | 1.57 (0.83–2.97) | 0.17 |  |  |
Socioeconomic characteristics | |||||
 Formal education in years | |||||
  ≥8 | 52/1120 (4.6%) | 0.65 (0.36–1.16) | 0.15 |  |  |
  1–7 | 235/3.400 (6.9%) | 0.97 (0.56–165) | 0.90 |  |  |
  None | 14/193 (7.3%) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Employment | |||||
  Housewife without income | 208/2,950 (7.1%) | Referent |  | Referent |  |
  Housewife with income | 22/545 (4.0%) | 0.56 (0.36–0.87) | 0.001 | 0.70 (0.45–1.09) | 0.11 |
  Other | 67/1,139 (5.9%) | 0.84 (0.64–1.10) | 0.21 | 0.95 (0.71–1.27) | 0.72 |
 Household wealth index >75 percentile | |||||
  No | 241/3540 (6.8) | Referent |  | Referent |  |
  Yes | 58 (1106 (5.0) | 0.73 (0.55–0.97) | 0.003 | 0.77 (0.58–1.04_) | 0.09 |
 Per person daily food expenditure | |||||
  ≥1000 Tanzanian shillings | 48/1,749 (2.7%) | Referent |  |  |  |
  <1000 Tanzanian shillings | 238/2742 (8.7%) | 3.34 (2.45–4.56) | <0.001 | 0.89 (0.59–1.35) | 0.59 |
Infant characteristics | |||||
 Sex | |||||
  Female | 136/2263 (6.0%) | Referent |  |  |  |
  Male | 171/2484 (6.9%) | 1.15 (0.92–1.44) | 0.22 |  |  |
Preterm, <37 weeks gestation | |||||
  No | 244/3,874 (6.3%) | Referent |  | Referent |  |
 Yes | 56/640 (8.8%) | 1.44 (1.08–1.92) | 0.01 | 1.16 (0.85–1.58) | 0.35 |
Low birth weight, <2500 g | |||||
 No | 246/4382 (5.6%) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Yes | 36/242 (14.9%) | 2.91 (2.05–4.12) | <0.001 | 1.74 (1.20–2.53) | 0.004 |
Apgar score at 5 min | |||||
 8–10 | 257/4182 (6.2%) | Referent |  | Referent |  |
 ≤7 | 16/128 (12.5%) | 2.14 (1.29–3.54) | 0.003 | 2.08 (1.24–3.49) | 0.006 |
HIV status | |||||
 Unexposed | 45/2360 (1.9%) | Referent |  | Referent |  |
 Exposed but uninfected | 119/2005 (5.9%) | 3.30 (2.35–4.68) | <0.001 | 3.95 (2.49–6.24) | <0.001 |
 Infected | 133/355 (37.5%) | 26.56 (18.93–37.28) | <0.001 | 32.19 (20.26–51.16) | <0.001 |
Exclusive breastfeeding duration | |||||
 Never | 55/1034 (6.5%) | Referent |  |  |  |
 <3 months | 109/1832 (6.3%) | 1.14 (0.82–1.58) | 0.02 | 1.15 (0.82–1.61) | 0.43 |
 ≥3 months | 140/1840 (7.6%) | 1.43 (1.05,1.96) | 0.54 | 0.75 (0.54–1.05) | 0.09 |