Table 5 Factors associated with four or more antenatal care (ANC) visits in Tanzania, 1999–2016

Community-level factors

 Place of residence

  Urban

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.313

  Rural

0.61 (0.69–5.29)

0.70 (0.31–1.56)

0.57 (0.17–1.84)

0.93 (0.38–2.27)

0.77 (0.47–1.29)

0.010

Predisposing factors

Socio-demographic factors

  Maternal age

   15–24 years

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.064

   25–34 years

1.47 (0.24–9.10)

0.52 (0.25–1.07)

0.73 (0.26–2.04)

0.87 (0.38–1.99)

0.73 (0.45–1.16)

0.100

   35–49 years

2.97 (0.25–35.55)

0.89 (0.36–2.23)

0.86 (0.26–2.85)

1.15 (0.39–3.36)

1.05 (0.58–1.89)

0.085

  Maternal education

   No schooling

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.019

   Primary school and above

9.48 (1.49–60.45)

3.20 (1.55–6.61)

2.83 (0.98–8.19)

0.78 (0.29–2.10)

2.25 (1.39–3.65)

0.079

  Household wealth status

   Poor

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.001

   Middle

1.72 (0.21–13.73)

2.93 (1.42–6.04)

0.79 (0.28–2.21)

5.84 (2.11–16.13)

2.73 (1.67–4.44)

0.232

   Rich

2.76 (0.16–48.72)

6.52 (2.65–16.07)

1.84 (0.43–7.94)

2.19 (0.63–7.65)

3.14 (1.69–5.83)

0.628

  Maternal employment

   No employment

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.107

   Formal employment

1.67 (0.54–3.87)

2.58 (0.56–11.82)

3.51 (0.42–29.18)

1.38 (0.41–4.66)

2.07 (0.90–4.76)

0.911

   Informal employment

2.01 (0.98–4.59)

1.67 (0.83–3.35)

2.61 (0.94–7.23)

1.36 (0.62–2.97)

1.84 (1.18–2.87)

0.039

Exposure to media

  Listening to radio

   No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.101

   Yes

3.17 (0.35–28.40)

1.13 (0.55–2.34)

2.73 (0.99–7.45)

2.44 (1.09–5.49)

1.68 (1.06–2.65)

0.015

  Reading newspapers/magazines

   No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.010

   Yes

0.75 (0.54–1.76)

0.79 (0.36–1.73)

0.84 (0.27–2.58)

1.28 (0.55–2.98)

0.97 (0.58–1.61)

0.254

  Watching television

   No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.002

   Yes

0.17 (0.02–1.32)

1.57 (0.64–3.84)

0.47 (0.14–1.62)

1.68 (0.62–4.57)

1.34 (0.78–2.29)

0.737

Enabling factors

 Distance to the health facilities**

  Big problem

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.214

  Not a big problem

1.17 (0.49–2.80)

1.51 (0.29–7.94)

1.08 (0.52–2.25)

0.96 (0.61–1.51)

0.008

 Mother’s autonomy **

  Involved in household decisions

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.989

  Not involved in household decisions

0.32 (0.29–1.46)

1.39 (0.57–3.44)

1.13 (0.51–2.50)

0.75 (0.46–1.24)

0.003

Need factors

 Ever contraceptive use

  No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.021

  Yes

0.54 (0.42–2.14)

0.84 (0.40–1.75)

1.16 (0.43–3.14)

0.81 (0.38–1.76)

0.99 (0.63–1.55)

0.163

 Desire to the current pregnancy

  Desired

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.006

  Not desired

0.64 (0.51–0.86)

0.45 (0.17–1.22)

0.35 (0.73–1.72)

0.40 (0.08–1.90)

0.38 (0.19–0.79)

0.658