Table 3 Prevalence of four or more antenatal care visits by the study factors in Tanzania, 1999–2016
Variables | 1999 (N = 1527) | 2004–2005 (N = 3547) | 2010 (N = 2364) | 2015–2016 (N = 3588) | 1999–2016 (N = 11,026) | % change (95% CI), 1999–2016 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
*n (%) | *n (%) | *n (%) | *n (%) | *n (%) | ||
Community-level factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Place of residence |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Urban | 430 (85.9) | 911 (71.6) | 699 (55.2) | 1351 (64.1) | 3391 (66.0) | − 21.8 (− 28.3, − 15.3) |
  Rural | 1097 (66.6) | 2636 (59.0) | 1665 (39.4) | 2237 (45.3) | 7635 (50.0) | − 21.3 (− 27.1, − 15.4) |
Predisposing factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Socio-demographic factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Maternal age |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   15–24 years | 551 (70.5) | 1180 (61.0) | 713 (41.6) | 1167 (50.8) | 3611 (53.7) | − 19.7 (− 25.8, − 13.7) |
   25–34 years | 689 (74.0) | 1638 (62.2) | 1065 (44.8) | 1537 (51.7) | 4929 (55.3) | − 22.3 (− 28.7, − 15.8) |
   35–49 years | 287 (66.1) | 730 (61.7) | 585 (41.8) | 884 (50.0) | 2487 (51.9) | − 16.1 (23.8, − 8.4) |
  Maternal education |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   No schooling | 330 (59.8) | 793 (54.5) | 458 (35.1) | 552 (41.1) | 2133 (45.8) | − 18.7 (− 30.2, − 7.2) |
   Primary school or higher | 1197 (75.0) | 2755 (64.2) | 1906 (45.5) | 3037 (53.3) | 8894 (56.4) | − 21.7 (− 26.1, − 17.4) |
  Household wealth status |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Poor | 667 (65.0) | 1346 (57.5) | 893 (37.0) | 591 (39.4) | 3497 (48.0) | − 25.5 (− 32.9, − 18.1) |
   Middle | 529 (73.6) | 1282 (60.5) | 798 (42.2) | 889 (57.6) | 3498 (55.8) | − 15.9 (− 22.9, − 8.9) |
   Rich | 238 (88.4) | 728 (73.6) | 529 (57.0) | 646 (70.3) | 2141 (69.0) | − 18.1 (− 24.3, − 11.8) |
  Maternal employment |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   No employment | 291 (73.4) | 394 (66.0) | 309 (47.7) | 642 (57.1) | 1636 (59.1) | − 16.3 (− 32.8, − 0.1) |
   Formal employment | 59 (79.5) | 157 (78.1) | 170 (69.0) | 307 (63.6) | 692 (69.0) | − 15.9 (− 26.9, − 4.8) |
   Informal employment | 292 (81.6) | 405 (68.1) | 496 (53.8) | 870 (58.8) | 2062 (61.5) | − 22.7 (− 29.6, − 15.8) |
Exposure to media | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Listening to radio |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   No | 582 (65.2) | 864 (56.2) | 668 (38.4) | 735 (43.6) | 2848 (48.7) | − 21.6 (− 29.3, − 13.9) |
   Yes | 943 (75.2) | 2683 (63.8) | 1696 (45.2) | 2854 (53.2) | 8176 (56.1) | − 22.0 (− 27.4, − 16.6) |
  Reading newspapers/magazines |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   No | 534 (71.5) | 2171 (57.5) | 1498 (40.1) | 2011 (46.4) | 6214 (49.3) | − 25.0 (− 30.6, − 19.5) |
   Yes | 535 (84.0) | 1377 (70.0) | 857 (49.1) | 1578 (58.2) | 4347 (61.5) | − 25.8 (− 30.8, − 20.8) |
  Watching Television |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   No | 1207 (68.2) | 2618 (58.8) | 1537 (38.8) | 1745 (45.0) | 7108 (50.5) | − 23.2 (− 28.8, − 17.7) |
   Yes | 320 (85.0) | 924 (71.7) | 826 (54.2) | 1844 (58.4) | 3914 (61.7) | − 26.6 (− 32.7, − 20.5) |
Enabling factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Distance to health facilities** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Big problem |  | 1319 (57.3) | 459 (38.2) | 1509 (47.0) | 3288 (48.9) |  |
  Not a big problem |  | 2225 (64.6) | 1895 (44.4) | 2079 (54.4) | 6200 (53.7) |  |
 Mother’s autonomy in household** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Involved in decisions |  | 1806 (63.5) | 1453 (46.2) | 2490 (53.8) | 5749 (54.1) |  |
  Not involved in decisions |  | 1741 (60.0) | 911 (38.8) | 1098 (45.5) | 3750 (48.9) |  |
Need factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Ever contraceptive use |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  No | 1018 (68.3) | 2375 (58.0) | 1362 (39.5) | 1931 (46.5) | 6686 (50.7) | − 21.8 (− 27.6, − 16.0) |
  Yes | 509 (77.4) | 1172 (70.8) | 1002 (49.1) | 1658 (57.3) | 4340 (60.0) | − 20.1 (− 26.2, − 13.9) |
 Desire to the current pregnancy |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Desired the pregnancy | 1352 (72.0) | 3349 (62.0) | 2240 (43.0) | 3421 (51.2) | 10362 (54.0) | − 20.7 (− 25.9, − 15.5) |
  Not desired the pregnancy | 175 (65.3) | 198 (57.4) | 122 (45.2) | 167 (46.0) | 663 (53.1) | − 19.3 (− 29.5, − 9.1) |