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Table 2 Prevalence of one to three antenatal care visits by the study factors in Tanzania, 1999–2016

From: Trends and factors associated with the utilisation of antenatal care services during the Millennium Development Goals era in Tanzania

Variables

1999 (N = 568)

2004–2005 (N = 2028)

2010 (N = 3314)

2015–2016 (N = 3028)

1999–2016 (N = 8,938)

% change (95% CI), 1999–2016

*n (%)

*n (%)

*n (%)

*n (%)

*n (%)

Community-level factors

 Place of residence

  Urban

68 (13.6)

328 (25.8)

556 (44.0)

724 (34.4)

1677 (32.6)

20.7 (14.6, 26.9)

  Rural

499 (30.3)

1700 (38.0)

2473 (58.5)

2589 (52.5)

7262 (47.5)

22.1 (17.4, 26.9)

Predisposing factors

Socio-demographic factors

  Maternal age

   15–24 years

215 (27.5)

701 (36.3)

972 (56.8)

1092 (47.5)

2981 (44.3)

20.0 (14.6, 25.5)

   25–34 years

223 (24.0)

915 (34.8)

1266 (53.2)

1380 (46.4)

3785 (42.4)

22.4 (16.8, 28.0)

   35–49 years

129 (29.8)

412 (34.8)

791 (56.5)

841 (47.5)

2173 (45.4)

17.7 (10.9, 24.5)

  Maternal education

   No schooling

182 (33.0)

584 (40.1)

797 (61.2)

744 (55.5)

2307 (49.6)

22.4 (14.5, 30.3)

   Primary school or higher

385 (24.2)

1445 (33.7)

2231 (53.3)

2569 (45.1)

6631 (42.0)

20.9 (16.7, 25.1)

  Household wealth status

   Poor

320 (39.0)

907 (38.8)

1465 (60.6)

1654 (65.2)

3551 (48.7)

26.2 (20.4, 32.0)

   Middle

179 (25.0)

780 (36.8)

1063 (56.2)

692 41.5)

2659 (42.4)

16.5 (9.9, 23.2)

   Rich

31 (11.6)

242 (24.5)

393 (42.3)

968 (27.3)

917 (29.5)

15.7 (9.5, 21.9)

  Maternal employment

   No employment

90 (22.7)

164 (27.4)

317 (49.0)

456 (40.5)

1026 (37.1)

17.9 (7.2, 28.5)

   Formal employment

15 (20.5)

40 (20.0)

76 (30.7)

169 (35.0)

299 (29.8)

14.5 (3.4, 25.6)

   Informal employment

66 (18.4)

167 (28.1)

418 (45.4)

579 (39.2)

1230 (36.7)

20.8 (13.9, 27.7)

Exposure to media

  Listening to radio

   No

271 (30.4)

604 (39.3)

1021 (58.7)

887 (52.7)

2782 (47.6)

22.2 (16.6, 27.9)

   Yes

296 (23.6)

1420 (33.8)

2005 (53.5)

2427 (45.3)

6148 (42.2)

21.7 (16.5, 26.8)

  Reading newspapers/magazines

   No

206 (27.6)

1469 (39.0)

2157 (57.7)

2207 (51.0)

6039 (48.0)

23.3 (18.1, 28.6)

   Yes

100 (15.7)

556 (28.2)

871 (50.0)

1106 (40.8)

2634 (37.3)

25.1 (20.1, 30.1)

  Watching television

   No

513 (29.0)

1688 (38.0)

2351 (59.3)

2040 (52.5)

6591 (46.8)

23.5 (18.9, 28.1)

   Yes

55 (14.6)

339 (26.3)

678 (44.5)

1274 (40.4)

2345 (37.0)

25.8 (19.8, 31.8)

Enabling factors

 Distance to health facilities**

  Big problem

 

901 (39.1)

694 (57.7)

1631 (50.7)

3227 (48.0)

 

  Not a big problem

 

1126 (32.7)

2325 (54.5)

1682 (44.0)

5134 (44.5)

 

 Mother’s autonomy in household**

  Involved in decisions

 

971 (34.2)

1643 (52.2)

2047 (44.2)

4662 (43.9)

 

  Not involved in decisions

 

1057 (36.4)

1385 (59.0)

1266 (52.4)

3708 (48.4)

 

Need factors

 Contraceptive use

  No

427 (28.6)

1587 (38.8)

2020 (58.5)

2121 (51.1)

6154 (46.7)

22.4 (17.8, 27.1)

  Yes

141 (21.5)

441 (26.6)

1009 (49.5)

1193 (41.3)

2784 (38.4)

19.8 (13.9, 25.7)

 Desire to the current pregnancy

  Desired the pregnancy

484 (25.8)

1901 (35.2)

2884 (55.3)

3133 (47.0)

8402 (43.8)

21.1 (16.8, 25.4)

  Not desired the pregnancy

83 (31.1)

128 (37.0)

142 (52.7)

180 (49.6)

533 (42.8)

18.5 (8.4, 28.5)

  1. *n (%) weighted counts and the weighted total number vary between categories because of missing values
  2. **Variables not reported in the 1999 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS)