Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants
Variables | 1999 (N = 3282) | 2004–2005 (N = 8725) | 2010 (N = 8176) | 2015–2016 (N = 10,052) | 1999–2016 (N = 30,235) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
*n (%) | *n (%) | *n (%) | *n (%) | *n (%) | |
Community-level factors | |||||
 Place of residence | |||||
  Urban | 614 (18.7) | 1691 (19.4) | 1660 (20.3) | 2727 (27.1) | 6692 (22.1) |
  Rural | 2668 (81.3) | 7034 (80.6) | 6516 (79.7) | 7325 (72.9) | 23,543 (77.9) |
Predisposing factors | |||||
Socio-demographic factors | |||||
  Maternal age | |||||
   15–24 years | 1123 (34.2) | 2819 (32.3) | 2488 (30.4) | 3134 (31.2) | 9564 (31.6) |
   25–34 years | 1501 (45.7) | 4231 (48.5) | 3680 (45.0) | 4426 (44.0) | 13,838 (45.8) |
   35–49 years | 659 (20.1) | 1674 (19.2) | 2008 (24.6) | 2492 (24.8) | 6833 (22.6) |
  Maternal education | |||||
   No schooling | 907 (27.6) | 2318 (26.6) | 2090 (25.6) | 2103 (20.9) | 7419 (24.5) |
   Primary school or higher | 2375 (72.4) | 6407 (73.4) | 6085 (74.4) | 7948 (79.1) | 22,814 (75.5) |
  Household wealth status | |||||
   Poor | 1651 (53.4) | 3680 (44.3) | 3917 (50.1) | 2337 (42.0) | 11,585 (46.7) |
   Middle | 1097 (35.5) | 3328 (40.1) | 2736 (35.0) | 2090 (37.5) | 9252 (37.3) |
   Rich | 341 (11.0) | 1295 (15.6) | 1171 (15.0) | 1143 (20.5) | 3950 (16.0) |
  Maternal employment | |||||
   No employment | 591 (49.2) | 825 (44.2) | 873 (36.1) | 1602 (39.0) | 3890 (40.5) |
   Formal employment | 101 (8.4) | 254 (13.6) | 300 (12.4) | 641 (15.5) | 1297 (13.5) |
   Informal employment | 510 (42.2) | 788 (42.2) | 1246 (51.5) | 1885 (45.7) | 4428 (46.0) |
Exposure to media | |||||
  Listening to radio | |||||
   No | 1452 (44.3) | 2485 (28.5) | 2754 (33.7) | 2576 (25.6) | 9267 (30.7) |
   Yes | 1827 (55.7) | 6231 (71.5) | 5419 (66.3) | 7476 (74.4) | 20,953 (69.3) |
  Reading newspapers/magazines | |||||
   No | 1205 (58.8) | 5970 (68.5) | 5741 (70.3) | 6415 (63.8) | 19,331 (66.7) |
   Yes | 844 (41.2) | 2752 (31.5) | 2422 (29.7) | 3635 (36.2) | 9652 (33.3) |
  Watching television | |||||
   No | 2786 (85.0) | 7003 (80.4) | 6133 (75.0) | 5834 (58.0) | 21,756 (72.0) |
   Yes | 496 (15.0) | 1713 (19.6) | 2043 (25.0) | 4218 (42.0) | 8470 (28.0) |
Enabling factors | |||||
 Distance to health facilities** | |||||
  Big problem |  | 3603 (41.3) | 1883 (23.1) | 4715 (47.0) | 10,201 (38.0) |
  Not a big problem |  | 5115 (58.7) | 6266 (76.9) | 5337 (53.0) | 16,718 (62.0) |
 Mother’s autonomy in household** | |||||
  Involved in decisions |  | 4219 (48.4) | 4479 (54.8) | 6407 (63.7) | 15,105 (56.0) |
  Not involved in decisions |  | 4506 (51.6) | 3697 (45.2) | 3645 (36.3) | 11,848 (44.0) |
Need factors | |||||
 Ever contraceptive use | |||||
  No | 2324 (70.8) | 6374 (73.1) | 5391 (66.0) | 6214 (61.8) | 20,303 (67.2) |
  Yes | 958 (29.2) | 2350 (26.9) | 2785 (34.0) | 3838 (38.2) | 9931 (32.8) |
 Desire to the current pregnancy | |||||
  Desired the pregnancy | 2918 (89.0) | 8278 (95.0) | 7831 (96.4) | 9633 (95.8) | 28,660 (95.0) |
  Not desired the pregnancy | 361 (11.0) | 438 (5.0) | 295 (3.6) | 419 (4.2) | 1513 (5.0) |