Table 4 Factors associated with abdominal obesity
N | n | % | OR | 95% CI | P value | aOR | 95% CI | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age category | |||||||||||
18–29 | 33 | 16 | 48.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
30–39 | 104 | 50 | 48.1 | 0.98 | 0.44 | 2.15 | 0.967 | 1.30 | 0.53 | 3.19 | 0.558 |
40 and older | 114 | 47 | 41.2 | 0.74 | 0.34 | 1.66 | 0.459 | 1.06 | 0.44 | 22.54 | 0.896 |
Sex | |||||||||||
Male | 82 | 8 | 9.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Female | 169 | 105 | 62.1 | 15.17 | 6.86 | 33.53 | < 0.0001 | 15.28 | 6.84 | 34.12 | < 0.0001 |
Marital status | |||||||||||
Single | 7 | 3 | 42.9 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Married | 154 | 71 | 46.1 | 1.14 | 0.24 | 5.26 | 0.866 | 1.94 | 0.35 | 10.57 | 0.441 |
Divorced | 10 | 4 | 40.0 | 0.88 | 0.12 | 6.31 | 0.906 | 2.11 | 0.21 | 20.42 | 0.516 |
Widowed | 80 | 35 | 43.8 | 1.03 | 0.21 | 4.93 | 0.963 | 2.18 | 0.37 | 12.68 | 0.382 |
Education level | |||||||||||
Low education | 96 | 41 | 42.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Complete primary | 117 | 51 | 43.6 | 1.03 | 0.60 | 1.78 | 0.897 | 0.86 | 0.45 | 1.67 | 0.676 |
Complete secondary or higher | 38 | 21 | 55.3 | 1.65 | 0.77 | 3.53 | 0.19 | 1.34 | 0.50 | 3.61 | 0.551 |
Occupation | |||||||||||
At home | 31 | 15 | 48.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Working outside | 48 | 23 | 47.9 | 0.98 | 0.39 | 2.42 | 0.967 | 0.79 | 0.26 | 2.40 | 0.685 |
Working inside | 136 | 57 | 41.9 | 0.76 | 0.35 | 1.68 | 0.511 | 0.63 | 0.24 | 1.67 | 0.360 |
Others | 36 | 18 | 50.0 | 1.06 | 0.40 | 2.78 | 0.895 | 0.57 | 0.17 | 1.85 | 0.357 |
SES | |||||||||||
Poorest | 63 | 23 | 36.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Poor | 62 | 23 | 37.1 | 1.02 | 0.49 | 2.12 | 0.945 | 0.99 | 0.43 | 2.28 | 0.990 |
Less poor | 62 | 32 | 51.6 | 1.85 | 0.90 | 3.79 | 0.090 | 1.54 | 0.68 | 3.51 | 0.294 |
Rich | 63 | 35 | 55.6 | 2.17 | 1.06 | 4.44 | 0.033 | 1.99 | 0.86 | 4.60 | 0.104 |
Physical activity level | |||||||||||
Inactive | 11 | 6 | 54.5 | 1.00 | |||||||
Minimally active | 22 | 9 | 40.9 | 0.57 | 0.13 | 2.48 | 0.46 | 0.40 | 0.07 | 2.28 | 0.302 |
HEPA active | 215 | 97 | 45.1 | 0.68 | 0.20 | 2.31 | 0.542 | 0.55 | 0.12 | 2.40 | 0.429 |
Chai per day | |||||||||||
0–1 cup | 20 | 8 | 40.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
2 cups | 58 | 27 | 46.6 | 1.30 | 0.46 | 3.66 | 0.611 | 1.14 | 0.32 | 4.05 | 0.836 |
3 cups or more | 173 | 78 | 45.1 | 1.23 | 0.47 | 3.16 | 0.665 | 0.87 | 0.27 | 2.79 | 0.827 |
Soda per week | |||||||||||
None | 126 | 58 | 46.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Once | 64 | 27 | 42.2 | 0.85 | 0.46 | 1.57 | 0.614 | 0.66 | 0.32 | 1.34 | 0.255 |
Twice or more | 61 | 28 | 45.9 | 0.99 | 0.53 | 1.83 | 0.986 | 0.96 | 0.46 | 2.03 | 0.933 |
Ugali per day | |||||||||||
Quarter a plate | 185 | 91 | 49.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Half a plate | 55 | 19 | 34.5 | 0.54 | 0.29 | 1.01 | 0.057 | 0.60 | 0.28 | 1.27 | 0.186 |
3 quarters a plate or more | 8 | 2 | 25.0 | 0.34 | 0.06 | 1.75 | 0.198 | 0.36 | 0.04 | 1.27 | 0.205 |
Alcohol | |||||||||||
No | 223 | 103 | 46.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 24 | 8 | 33.3 | 0.58 | 0.23 | 1.41 | 0.233 | 1.16 | 0.38 | 3.52 | 0.792 |
Smoke | |||||||||||
No | 242 | 112 | 46.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 9 | 1 | 11.1 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 1.17 | 0.07 | 0.52 | 0.04 | 5.54 | 0.590 |
Abdominal obesity | |||||||||||
No | 209 | 92 | 44.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 42 | 21 | 50.0 | 1.27 | 0.65 | 2.46 | 0.477 | 0.95 | 0.44 | 2.09 | 0.900 |
Hypertension | |||||||||||
No | 222 | 97 | 43.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 28 | 16 | 57.1 | 1.71 | 0.77 | 3.80 | 0.181 | 1.72 | 0.65 | 4.53 | 0.272 |
ART duration | |||||||||||
0–364 days | 14 | 9 | 64.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
365 days and more | 237 | 104 | 43.9 | 0.43 | 0.14 | 1.33 | 0.145 | 0.34 | 0.08 | 1.39 | 0.136 |
CD4 counts (cells/μl) | |||||||||||
< 200 | 30 | 15 | 50.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
200–499 | 113 | 50 | 44.2 | 0.79 | 0.35 | 1.77 | 0.574 | 1.04 | 0.41 | 2.65 | 0.927 |
≥ 500 | 106 | 48 | 45.3 | 0.82 | 0.36 | 1.86 | 0.647 | 1.07 | 0.41 | 2.75 | 0.885 |
On PI | |||||||||||
No | 214 | 95 | 44.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 36 | 18 | 50.0 | 1.25 | 0.61 | 2.53 | 0.532 | 1.82 | 0.74 | 4.44 | 0.187 |
PI duration | |||||||||||
0–359 days | 7 | 3 | 42.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
540 days and more | 28 | 15 | 53.6 | 1.53 | 0.28 | 8.18 | 0.613 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 2.60 | 0.131 |
WHO stage | |||||||||||
1 | 51 | 20 | 39.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
2 | 71 | 37 | 52.1 | 1.68 | 0.81 | 3.50 | 0.160 | 2.37 | 0.97 | 5.73 | 0.056 |
3 | 97 | 40 | 41.2 | 1.08 | 0.54 | 2.17 | 0.811 | 1.14 | 0.51 | 2.58 | 0.736 |
4 | 29 | 15 | 51.7 | 1.66 | 0.66 | 4.16 | 0.279 | 1.85 | 0.61 | 5.57 | 0.269 |
OI history | |||||||||||
No | 204 | 88 | 43.1 | 1.00 | 1.000 | ||||||
Yes | 45 | 24 | 53.3 | 1.50 | 0.78 | 2.87 | 0.215 | 2.21 | 0.97 | 5.02 | 0.057 |