Plant | Part used | Solvent used | Antivenin activity (comments) | Active chemical constituents | Authors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allium cepa L. | Bulb | Methanol | Cardioprotective activity (14.8 ± 1.65 units/l; p > 0.5) on creatine kinase isoenzyme levels to neutralize snake venoms. Concentrations (< 160 μg/ml) stabilized human red blood corpuscles membrane (antihemolytic) against N. naja karachiensis venom, though elevated concentrations were cytotoxic. Provided 50% protection from N. naja karachiensis phospholipase A (PLA2) in terms of an increase in pH of an egg yolk suspension. Neutralized the anticoagulant effect induced by weak PLA2 enzymes in N. naja karachiensis venom (76% inhibition, coagulation time of 106 ± 0.57 s). Quercetin is a potent inhibitor of lipoxygenase | Quercitin, sulfurous volatile oils, oleanolic acid, protocatechuric acid | |
Allium sativum L. | Bulb | Methanol | Hepatoprotective activity (p > 0.5, 49 ± 5.01 and 82.5 ± 18.55 units/l of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase against 52.5 ± 3.51 and 69.5 ± 18.55 units/l for standard antiserum) assessed in rabbits. Provided 50% protection from N. naja karachiensis PLA2 in terms of an increase in pH of an egg yolk suspension. Provided 50% protection from N. naja karachiensis PLA2 in terms of an increase in pH of an egg yolk suspension. Neutralized the anticoagulant effect induced by weak phospholipase A enzymes in N. naja karachiensis venom (40% inhibition, coagulation time of 115 ± 1.52 s). | Quercetin, scordinines A, B allicin, thiosulfinates, 2 mercapto-L-cysteines, anthocyanins, alliinase, polysaccharides, sativin I, sativin II, glycosides of kaempferol | |
Asystasia spp (A. gangetica L) | Leaves | Methanol | 1000 mg/kg provided 80% protection against N. melanoleuca venom (PLA2) | Flavonoids, saponins and tannins | [128] |
Aristolochia spp (A. indica, A. odoratissima) | Leaves | Methanol, Ethanol, Water, pentane | PLA2 and hyaluronidase enzymes from N. naja and V. russelli venoms inhibited. Strong gelatinolytic, collagenase, peroxidase, and nuclease activities, l-amino acid oxidase and protease inhibitory potencies. Protected mice against lethal effects of Bothrops atrox venom at higher doses of 8 and 16 mg/kg | Aristolochic acid I, lignan (-)-cubebin | |
Basella alba L. | Fruit | Methanol | Radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydroxyl (DHPP) experimented in mice. | Flavonoids, phenolics, betacyanins, Lupeol, β sitosterol | |
Capparis tomentosa Lam. | Root | Water, petroleum ether | The antioxidant activity by DPPH was 35.50 ± 0.02%, by phosphomolybdate assay was 41.22 ± 0.17 mg/kg ascorbic acid equivalent, and the reducing power increased with increase in concentration up to a maximum at 800 μg/ml in alloxanized male mice (aqueous extracts). | N-benzoylphenylalanylaninol acetate, 24-ethylcholestan-5-en-3-ol, L-stachydrine, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-methoxyoxindole | |
Carica papaya L. | Leaves | Water, ethanol | Hepatoprotective against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in mice. | Saponins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, phenolic acids, chlorogenic acid, flavonoids and coumarin compounds | |
Carissa spp (C. spinarum L.) | Leaves | Methanol | Acetylcholinesterase, PLA2, hyaluronidase, phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase,5-nucleotidase enzymes from Bungarus caeruleus and V. russelli venoms inhibited by 100 μg/ml of the extract. | Steroids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, ursolic acid | |
Cassia occidentalis L. | Leaves, roots | Ethanol | Stimulated angiogenesis, inhibited epidermal hyperplasia, and minimized local effects caused by Bootrops moojeni venom. | Anthraquinones | |
Citrus spp. (C. limon L. Burm. F) | Root, ripe fruits | Methanol | Neutralized the anticoagulant effect induced by weak PLA2 enzymes in N. naja karachiensis venom (64% inhibition, coagulation time of 109 ± 1.00 s). In vitro inhibitory ability against the lethal effect of Lachesis muta venom with effective dose 50% of 710 μg extract per mouse | d-x-pinene camphene, d-limonene, linalool, ichangin 4-β-glucopyranoside, nomilinic acid, 4-β-glucopyranoside | |
Cleome spp (C. viscosa) | Bulb | Methanol, ethyl acetate | Significant anti-inflammatory activity against carageenin-, histamine-, dextran-induced rat paw edema compared to Diclofenac sodium (20 mg/kg) standard | Flavonoid glycosides, querection 3-0-(2″-acetyl)-glucoside, phenolics | |
Crinum spp (C. jagus) | Bulb | Methanol | Extract of 1000 mg/kg protected 50% of mice; injection of a pre-incubated mixture of the same extract dose and venom gave 100% protection against E. ocellatus venom (10 mg/kg). Administration of extract at 250 mg/kg, 30 min before the injection of E. ocellatus venom (10 mg/kg) prolonged (p < 0.05) death time of poisoned mice. Extract of 500 mg/kg provided 50% protection against Betans venom (9.5 mg/kg) while pre-incubation of a mixture of the same dose of venom and extract prior to injection provided 33.3% protection. Plasma creatine kinase concentrations in poisoned mice reduced with injection 1000 mg/kg of extract pre-incubated with 5 mg/kg of E. ocellatus or 7 mg/kg B. arietans venoms. The extract blocked hemorrhagic activity of a standard hemorrhagic dose (2.8 mg/ml) of E. ocellatus venom at 1.7, 3.3, and 6.7 mg/ml. | Phenolic compounds, tannins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides | |
Indigofera spp. (I. capitata Kotschy, I. conferta Gillett) | Leaves | Methanol, ethanol, water | Extracts reduced bleeding and clotting times of N. nigricollis envenomed rats. Ethanol and aqueous extracts of I. capitata were more effective at dose of 300 mg/kg with lowest clotting time of 174 ± 3.67 s and 1000 mg/kg with lowest bleeding time of 228 ± 3.00 s. I. conferta at a dose of 1000 mg/kg had the lowest clotting time of 173 ± 5.61 s (ethanol extract) and 234 ± 7.64 s for aqueous extract). Edema forming activity was inhibited by ethanol and aqueous extracts, effective at higher doses of 300 mg/kg (ethanol extract) and 1000 mg/kg (aqueous extract) with the lowest edema forming activity of 108.80 ± 1.90 and 102.00 ± 1.90 (%mm) respectively by I. capitata and at dose of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg of aqueous extract with the lowest edema forming activities of 100.8 ± 1.89, 100.20 ± 1.90 and 100.60 ± 1.90 (%mm) by I. conferta | Flavonoids, phenolic compounds, steroids, triterpenes, anthraquinone, alkaloids | [150] |
(I. pulchra Willd.) | Methanol | Â | Extract inhibited anticoagulant, hemolytic and PLA2 activities of N. nigricollis venom | Tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids | |
Jatropa carcus L. | Leaf latex | Methanol | Inhibits hemolytic activity of PLA2 from N. naja venom | Terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins | [152] |
Vernonia cinerea (L) Less. | Whole plant | Methanol | Antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Ethyl acetate fraction exhibited 63.3% DPPH radical scavenging activity at 100 μg/ml. | Phenolics, flavonoids | [153] |
Sansevieria spp (S. liberica ger. and labr) | Rhizome, root | Methanol | LD50 of 353.5 ug/kg. The extract, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions significantly protected mice from N. naja nigricollis venom-induced mortality | Terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins | [154] |
Albizia spp (A. lebbeck L. (Benth) bark) | Root/bark | Water | 1000 mg/kg, N. kauothia venom, provided 50% protection from N. naja karachiensis PLA2 in terms of an increase in pH of an egg yolk suspension | Carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, echinocystic acid, amino acids | |
Euphorbia species (E. hirta) | Whole plant | Methanol | LD50 not specified, against N. naja) venom | Quercetin-3-O-alpha-rhamnoside, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds | |
Bidens pilosa L. | Leaves, whole part | water, hexane | Effective against Dendroaspis jamesoni and Echis ocellatus venom | Linalool, Cadinene, 훽-Caryophyllene, 훽-Cubebene, Cedrene, Humulene, Selina-3,7(11)-diene, Thujopsene, (−)-Globulol, Elixene, 2-Hexen-1-ol, 2-Hexenal | |
Hoslundia opposita Vahl | Root, leaves | Methanol, Water | DPPH radical scavenging activity of 32.3 ± 1.9 μg/ml compared to standard l-ascorbic acid with the activity of 21.1 ± 1.1 μg/ml. | 훼-Cadinol Ethyl linolenate, Palmitic acid | |
Maytensus senegalensis | Root | Methanol, chloroform | Anti-inflammatory activity inhibited ear edema induced by croton oil in mice | Maytenoic acid, lupenone, β−amyrin | [160] |
Securinega virosa | Leaves | Hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol | N-hexane extract provided protection against lethal dose of Naja nigricollis venom (significant at 20 mg/kg, p < 0.05) | Alkaloids, phenols, saponins and triterpenes/steroids | |
Solanum incanum L. | Root | Water | Inhibited the response to acetylcholine in a concentration-dependent manner like atropine. The extract inhibited charcoal travel in mice intestine by 36.28, 51.45, 52.93, and 38.53% in doses of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight respectively | Quercetin, Isoquercitrin, Kaempferol, β-Sitosterol, Luteolin 7-O-b-D-glucopyranoside, sodium, potassium, chromium, vitamins B and C |