Fig. 3

Perceived causes of adverse medical events (n = 221). Source: field data (2018); legend: AMEs (adverse medical events); n (number of valid responses); SD (standard deviation); *Means and standard deviations derived from the summated five-point Likert scale items on perceived causes of AMEs from 1 “strongly disagree” to 5 “strongly agree;” thus, higher mean scores depict higher magnitude of perceived cause of AMEs and vice versa