Structural equation modeling to identify the risk factors of diabetes in the adult population of North India

Table 1 Characteristics of study participants and the prevalence of diabetes by sociodemographic and clinical factors

Characteristics	Total, N	Diabetes, n (%)	p value
Total	2495	207 (8.3)
Age group			0.001
18–24 years	430	6(1.4)
25–44 years	1289	61(4.7)
45–69 years	776	140(18.0)
Gender			0.9
Male	907	76(8.4)
Female	1588	131(8.2)
Residence			0.11
Rural	1529	116(7.6)
Urban	966	91(9.4)
Social group			0.05
SC	954	61(6.4)
Other backward caste	342	35(10.2)
General	1155	107(9.3)
Educational status			0.07
Illiterate	575	51(8.9)
Up to primary education	599	63(10.3)
Up to secondary education	1065	74(6.9)
Higher education	256	19(7.4)
Marital status			0.001
Never married	413	5(1.2)
Currently married	1869	172(9.2)
Separated/divorced/widowed	195	29(14.9)
Current smoking^a			0.7
Yes	101	8(7.9)
No	2394	199(8.3)
Current alcohol use^b			0.1
Yes	386	40(10.4)
No	2109	167(7.9)
Hypertension^c			0.001
Yes	1031	147(14.3)
No	1464	60(4.1)
> = 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily^d			0.4
Yes	109	10(9.2)
No	2386	197(8.3)
Obesity^e			0.001
Yes	1830	96(14.4)
No	665	111(6.1)
Family history of diabetes			0.001
Yes	537	64(11.9)
No	1925	142(7.4)
Family history of raised cholesterol			0.9
Yes	126	11(8.7)
No	2336	195(8.3)
Abdominal obesity^f			0.001
Yes	1415	165(11.7)
No	1080	42(3.9)
Hypertriglyceridemia^g			0.006
Yes	656	136(7.4)
No	1839	71(10.8)
Physical activity^h			0.008
Above minimal recommended	140	04 (3.0)
Below minimal recommended	2355	203(8.6)

SC scheduled caste
^aOne who smoked tobacco in the last 30 days
^bOne who has consumed alcohol in the last year
^cSBP ≥ 140 and/or DBP ≥ 90 or currently on medication
^dOne serving of vegetable was considered to be one cup of raw green leafy vegetables or 1/2 cup of other vegetables (cooked or chopped raw). One serving of fruit was considered to be one medium size piece of apple, banana or orange, 1/2 cup of chopped, canned fruit, or 1/2 cup of fruit juice
^eBody mass index ≥ 27.5 kg/m²
^f≥90 cm for males and ≥ 80 cm for females
^gSerum triglyceride > 150 mg/dl
^hMinimum duration of physical activity per week recommended by WHO as 150 min of moderate intensity physical activity or 75 min of vigorous intensity physical activity or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity achieving at least 600 MET-minutes per week with each activity performed in bouts of at least 10-min duration

ISSN: 1349-4147