Table 2 Correlates of pneumonia deaths compared to other causes of deaths in children aged 4 weeks to 59 months in rural Bangladesh (n = 245)
Variables | Pneumonia, n = 81 (%) | Other causes of death, n = 164 (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)*** |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
4 weeks–5 months | 47 (58.0) | 38 (23.2) | 8.9 (4.4–18.0)* | 5.5 (2.5–12.0)* |
6–11 months | 20 (24.7) | 25 (15.2) | 5.1 (2.6–13.0)* | 3.0 (1.2–7.5)* |
12–59 months | 14 (17.3) | 101 (61.6) | 1 | 1 |
Sex | ||||
Male | 41 (50.6) | 85 (51.8) | 0.5 (0.6–1.6) | NA |
Female | 40 (49.4) | 79 (48.2) | 1 | 1 |
History of medical condition (multiple frequency) | ||||
Heart disease | 14 (17.3) | 14 (8.5) | 2.2 (1.0–5.0)* | 1.4 (0.6–3.0) |
Malnutrition | 5 (6.2) | 7 (4.3) | 1.5 (0.5–4.8) | |
Others (liver disease, kidney disease, cancer, asthma, diarrhea, etc.) | 10 (12.3) | 17 (10.4) | 1.2 (0.4–2.8) | |
None | 52 (64.1) | 126 (76.8) | 1 | 1 |
Small at birth (< 1 year), n = 131† | 21/67 (31.3) | 16/64 (25.0) | 1.4 (0.6–3.0) | NA |
Premature (< 37 weeks) (< 1 year), n = 131† | 15/67 (22.4) | 4/64 (6.3) | 4.3 (1.4–13.9)* | NA |
Symptoms noted during last illness (multiple frequency) | ||||
Fever | 44 (54.3) | 54 (32.3) | 2.5 (1.4–4.3)* | 0.9 (0.4–2.2) |
Vomiting | 13 (16.0) | 34 (20.7) | 0.7 (0.4–1.5) | |
Not passed stool | 5 (6.2) | 22 (13.4) | 0.4 (0.2–1.2) | |
Unconscious | 6 (7.4) | 15 (9.1) | 0.8 (0.3–2.1) | |
Convulsion | 9 (11.1) | 17 (10.4) | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) | |
Others | 39 (48.1) | 67 (40.9) | 1.3 (0.8–2.3) | |
None | 35 (43.2) | 73 (44.5) | 1 | 1 |
Duration of illness that leads to death (days), n = 238⁑ | ||||
≥ 11 | 30 (38.0) | 45 (28.3) | 7.6 (3.1–18.7)* | 2.5 (0.8–7.4) |
2–10 | 42 (53.2) | 34 (21.4) | 14.1 (5.8–34.6)* | 5.8 (2.1–16.1)* |
0–1 | 7 (8.9) | 80 (50.3) | 1 | 1 |
Sought care for illness that leads to death | ||||
Yes | 74 (91.4) | 89 (54.3) | 8.9 (3.9–20.5)* | 3.4 (1.1–10.1)* |
No | 7 (8.6) | 75 (45.7) | 1 | 1 |
Sought care a number of days after onset of the disease (days) | ||||
≥ 2 | 39 (48.1) | 32 (19.5) | 12.4 (5.0–30.7)* | NA |
0–1 | 35 (43.2) | 57 (34.8) | 7.0 (2.9–16.7)* | |
Did not seek treatment for illness | 7 (8.6) | 75 (45.7) | 1 | |
Admission to a hospital/health facility, n = 163‡ | ||||
Yes | 54 (73.0) | 56 (62.2) | 1.6 (0.8–3.2) | NA |
No | 20 (27.0) | 34 (37.8) | 1 | |
Sources of treatment (multiple frequency), n = 163‡ | ||||
Home | 5 (6.8) | 4 (4.5) | 1.5 (0.4–5.9) | NA |
Indigenous healer | 12 (16.2) | 15 (16.9) | 0.9 (0.4–2.2) | |
Government clinic/hospital | 17 (23.0) | 29 (32.6) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | |
Private clinic/hospital | 62 (83.8) | 68 (76.4) | 1.6 (0.7–3.5) | |
Pharmacies/drug stores | 22 (29.7) | 24 (27.0) | 1.1 (0.6–2.3) | |
Number of sources accessed to seek treatment | ||||
≥ 3 | 14 (17.3) | 15 (9.1) | 10.0 (3.5–29.0)* | NA |
2 | 24 (29.6) | 30 (18.3) | 8.6 (3.3–22.0)* | |
1 | 36 (44.4) | 44 (26.8) | 8.8 (3.6–21.4)* | |
0 (not sought treatment) | 7 (8.6) | 75 (45.7) | 1 | 1 |
Place of death | ||||
Hospital | 33 (40.7) | 29 (17.7) | 3.2 (1.8–5.8)* | NA |
Home | 48 (59.3) | 135 (82.3) | 1 | |