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Table 1 Summary of characteristics (differences and similarities) between HIV-positive and HIV-negative populations

From: Professional care delivery or traditional birth attendants? The impact of the type of care utilized by mothers on under-five mortality of their children

Variable (N = 12, 225)

Frequency

Valid percentage (%)

(t) and (χ2)

  

HIV+

HIV−

HIV+

HIV−

 

Type of residence

Urban

1014

4752

48.66

47.85

103.151***

Rural

1098

5359

51.34

52.15

17.117***

Total

2113

10, 112

   

Religion

Catholic

369

1792

17.47

17.72

17.011***

Protestant

1722

8209

81.50

81.19

13.060***

Muslim

10

50

0.45

0.49

1.251**

Other

12

62

0.58

0.60

0.015***

Total

2113

10,112

   

Education

No education

165

1187

7.8

11.74

23.110***

Primary

951

5747

45.54

56.83

9.463***

Secondary

845

2811

40.50

27.80

16.717***

Higher

128

404

6.11

4.01

76.701***

Total

2113

10,112

   

Wealth index

Poorest

374

1742

17.72

17.23

121.123***

Poorer

364

1866

17.23

18.45

10.104***

Middle

464

2154

21.50

21.24

12.330***

Richer

467

2053

21.37

20.91

8.145***

Richest

468

2225

22.17

22.18

109.204***

Total

2113

10,112

   

Age

Age 15–25

972

4045

46

40.61

111.020**

Age 26–35

592

3235

28

32.26

20.511***

Age 36–45

549

2732

26

27.14

0.500**

Total

2113

10,112

   

Health insurance

No health insurance

2066

9808

97.82

97.40

91.166**

With health insurance

46

303

2.18

2.60

76.661***

Total

2113

10,112

   

Availability of drugs in facility

Big problem

586

4142

27.74

40.96

10.221***

Not a big problem

1527

5970

72.26

59.04

12.770***

Total

2113

10,112

   

Distance to facilitates

Big problem

795

4348

37.64

43.95

2.091***

Not a big problem

1318

5764

63.26

59.05

12.413**

Total

2113

10,112

   

Attitude of health professionals

Big problem

549

3369

26.40

33.32

8.543***

Not a big problem

1564

6743

73.60

66.68

4.500***

Total

2113

10,112

   

Choice of care at antenatal

TBA

486

2375

23.00

23.49

0.828***

Health professional

1527

7737

77.00

76.51

2.798***

Total

2113

10,112

   

Choice of care at birth

TBA

448

2124

21.10

21.00

16.223***

Health professional

1665

7989

78.90

79.00

18.123***

Total

2113

10,112

   

Choice of care at postnatal

TBA

507

2395

24.01

23.68

13.352***

Health professional

1606

7718

75.09

76.32

19.113***

Total

2113

10,112

   

Child is still alive

Yes

1860

9696

88.02

95.89

103.991***

No

253

416

11.98

4.11

11.441***

Total

2113

10,112

   
  1. Reported p values are based on t tests of means for continuous variables and chi-squares for proportions/categorical variables
  2. ***p < 0.01
  3. **p < 0.05
  4. *p < 0.10