Toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in Iranian women and risk factors of the disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 2 Risk factors associated to seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii in girls and women of childbearing age group

Demographic factors	Total individuals	Positive cases	Pooled estimation (%)	I ²	P value^a
Age					0.62
≤20 years	2296	1040	45 (95% CI = 30 to 60)	98.91
>20 years	4370	2294	39 (95% CI = 23 to 56)	98.49
Contact with cat					0.04
Yes	1775	474	30 (95% CI = 24 to 37)	87.44
No	3898	815	21 (95% CI = 16 to 26)	93.78
Contact with other animals					0.41
Yes	657	182	26 (95% CI = 18 to 35)	82.33
No	1443	295	21 (95% CI = 12 to 30)	94.98
Contact to meat					0.98
Yes	646	204	28 (95% CI = 16 to 42)	89.59
No	339	82	23 (95% CI = 19 to 28)	96.53
Meat consumption					0.12
Undercooked	1755	466	34 (95% CI = 23 to 46)	95.33
Cooked	2209	381	17 (95% CI = 12 to 22)	89.25
Raw vegetable/fruit consumption					0.25
Yes	2645	631	24 (95% CI = 17 to 31)	94.49
No		47	17 (95% CI = 9 to 27)	71.32
Milk consumption					0.17
Pasteurized	1264	276	21 (95% CI = 8 to 38)	97.87
Unpasteurized	95	34	45 (95% CI = 19 to 72)	78.93
Educational status					0.37
Illiterate	211	114	63 (95% CI = 37 to 86)	91.70
Junior/senior	1064	553	50 (95% CI = 30 to 70)	97.73
High school	987	555	52 (95% CI = 24 to 80)	98.89
Diploma/university	863	320	47 (95% CI = 18 to 77)	98.80
Occupational group					0.37
Employee	572	340	53 (95% CI = 33 to 74)	99.17
Housewife	2389	1336	52 (95% CI = 30 to 73)	95.28
Students	418	133	83 (95% CI = 16 to 63)	95.95
Wearing gloves during cutting meat					0.47
Yes	250	31	12 (95% CI = 8 to 17)	96.78
No	756	137	18 (95% CI = 15 to 20)	96.78
Washing vegetable/fruit					0.65
Water	573	176	27 (95% CI = 12 to 46)	95.36
Antiseptic	705	107	19 (95% CI = 10 to 31)	89.76
Residence					0.99
Urban	5137	2011	33 (95% CI = 19 to 49)	99.27
Rural	2924	1213	33 (95% CI = 22 to 46)	97.53