Table 3 Factors associated with proteinuria
Variable | Yes (n, %) | No (n, %) | Univariate, OR [95% CI] | p value | Multivariate, OR [95% CI] | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||||
 6–9 years | 55 (13.7) | 348 (86.4) | 1.0 |  |  |  |
 10–13 years | 16 (15.4) | 88 (84.6) | 1.2 [0.6–2.1] | 0.649 | 0.8 [0.4–1.6] | 0.520 |
Sex | ||||||
 Female | 29 (11.4) | 225 (88.6) | 1.0 |  |  |  |
 Male | 42 (16.6) | 211 (83.4) | 1.5 [0.9–2.6] | 0.094 | 1.5 [0.9–2.5] | 0.129 |
Water source | ||||||
 Tap | 26 (12.8) | 177 (87.2) | 1.0 |  |  |  |
 Lake water | 45 (14.8) | 259 (85.2) | 1.2 [0.7–2.0] | 0.526 | 1.1 [0.6–2.1] | 0.694 |
Contact to lake within 1 week | ||||||
 No | 11 (14.0) | 69 (86.0) | 1.0 |  |  |  |
 Yes | 60 (14.0) | 367 (86.0) | 1.0 [0.5–2.0] | 0.943 | 0.9 [0.4–2.1] | 0.831 |
Schistosomiasis by cca | ||||||
 No | 7 (3.9) | 174 (96.1) | 1.0 |  |  |  |
 Yes | 64 (19.6) | 262 (80.4) | 6.1 [2.7–13.6] | < 0.001 | 4.9 [2.1–11.2] | < 0.001 |
RBCs in urine | ||||||
 No RBCs | 53 (11.3) | 417 (88.7) | 1.0 |  |  |  |
 RBCs in urine | 18 (48.6) | 19 (51.4) | 7.4 [3.7–15.1] | < 0.001 | 5.3 [2.5–11.2] | < 0.001 |
Malaria | ||||||
 Negative | 63 (15.0) | 356 (85.0) | 1.0 |  |  |  |
 Positive | 8 (9.9) | 80 (90.1) | 0.6 [0.3–1.2] | 0.149 | 0.8 [0.3–1.7] | 0.528 |
Nutrition status | ||||||
 Normal | 55 (13.5) | 352 (86.5) | 1.0 |  |  |  |
 Moderate malnutrition | 10 (15.2) | 56 (84.9) | 1.1 [0.6–2.4] | 0.720 | 1.0 [0.4–2.1] | 0.967 |
 Severe malnutrition | 6 (17.7) | 28 (82.3) | 1.4 [0.5–3.5] | 0.504 | 1.0 [0.3–2.8] | 0.992 |
Haematobium | ||||||
 Negative | 68 (14.0) | 431 (86.0) | 1.0 |  |  |  |
 Positive | 3 (37.5) | 5 (86.0) | 3.8 [0.9–16.3] | 0.072 | 3.5 [0.6–19.8] | 0.173 |